Young Goodman Brown The Theme of Duplicity Free Essay Example, 5500 words

Young Goodman Brown came forth at sunset into the street at Salem village; but put his head back, after crossing the threshold, to exchange a parting kiss with his young wife. And Faith, as the wife was aptly named, thrust her own pretty head into the street, letting the wind play with the pink ribbons of her cap while she called to Goodman Brown. "Dearest heart, " whispered she, softly and rather sadly, when her lips were close to his ear, "prithee put off your journey until sunrise and sleep in your own bed to-night. A lone woman is troubled with such dreams and such thoughts that shes afeard of herself sometimes. Pray tarry with me this night, dear husband, of all nights in the year. " "My love and my Faith, " replied young Goodman Brown, "of all nights in the year, this one night must I tarry away from thee. My journey, as thou callest it, forth and back again, must needs be done twixt now and sunrise. What, my sweet, pretty wife, dost thou doubt me already, and we but three months married? " "Then God bless youe! " said Faith, with the pink ribbons; "and may you find all well whn you come back. " "Amen! " cried Goodman Brown. We will write a custom essay sample on Young Goodman Brown The Theme of Duplicity or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now "Say thy prayers, dear Faith, and go to bed at dusk, and no harm will come to thee. " So they parted; and the young man pursued his way until, being about to turn the corner by the meeting-house, he looked back and saw the head of Faith still peeping after him with a melancholy air, in spite of her pink ribbons. "Poor little Faith! " thought he, for his heart smote him. "What a wretch am I to leave her on such an errand! She talks of dreams, too. Methought as she spoke there was trouble in her face, as if a dream had warned her what work is to be done tonight. But no, no; t would kill her to think it. Well, shes a blessed angel on earth; and after this one night Ill cling to her skirts and follow her to heaven. " With this excellent resolve for the future, Goodman Brown felt himself justified in making more haste on his present evil purpose. He had taken a dreary road, darkened by all the gloomiest trees of the forest, which barely stood aside to let the narrow path creep through, and closed immediately behind. It was all as lonely as could be; and there is this peculiarity in such a solitude, that the traveller knows not who may be concealed by the innumerable trunks and the thick boughs overhead; so that with lonely footsteps he may yet be passing through an unseen multitude. "There may be a devilish Indian behind every tree, " said Goodman Brown to himself; and he glanced fearfully behind him as he added, "What if the devil himself should be at my very elbow! " His head being turned back, he passed a crook of the road, and, looking forward again, beheld the figure of a man, in grave and decent attire, seated at the foot of an old tree.

No Country for Old Men - 1600 Words

Filled with a plethora of themes and convictions, Cormac McCarthy’s No Country for Old Men excels in its endeavor to maintain the reader’s mind racing from cover to cover. The setting is the Texas-Mexico boarder; the story embodying a modernized western-themed Greek tragedy filled with drug runners and automatic weapons. Llewelyn Moss, a Vietnam veteran, finds himself on the run from forces that seem to be an instrument of karmic consequence. While on the run, Llewelyn is given the opportunity to end the madness that has arisen so immediately in his life. But he doesn’t. Instead he braves on, defying his own advice, and persistent on luck, only leaving him a misfortunate ending. To fully recognize the circumstance the novel†¦show more content†¦Diverging from his (moral) path to put the animal out of its misery, Llewelyn shifts towards the site and begins to diagnose what clearly is the reminiscence of a shootout. While making sense of the scene, Llewelyn stumbles across a dying man begging him for water. Because Llewelyn doesn’t have any water with him (strange as he has been out in the desert all day hunting), he just leaves him there as he goes on to discover a dead man safeguarding a briefcase filled with $2 million dollars in cash. Almost as if the dead body holding onto that case would be a foreshadow for what is to come for Llewelyn if he takes the money, he grabs it, returning home without contacting the police or even endeavoring to save the dying man. Later his guilt will reconcile while sleeping, bringing him back to the scene with the water only to find more trouble ahead as he begins on his fateful run. Though just a short segment in the story, these scenes deliver a considerable amount of evidence to insinuate Llewelyn is a man flexible of principle. As he continues to be morally tested evading the inexplicable force that pursues him, the reader gains a sense that Llewelyn will do what ever it tak es to survive and escape the consequences of his actions. So what is the unstoppable force that haunts all the characters in the novel? Anton Chigurh, the most amoral character in the story, represents a roll much like the grim reaper as he kills across the Texan landscape.Show MoreRelatedNo Country For Old Men1365 Words   |  6 PagesSelman Kara VISM 2001 – Introduction to Film Studies October 28th, 2015 Short Essay 2: Comparative Essay No Country For Old Men (2007) is a neo-Western thriller written, directed and edited by Joel and Ethan Coen. The film, based on the 2005 novel by Cormac McCarthy is set in Texas, USA and concerns an illegal drug deal gone awry in the deserted backcountry. No Country for Old Men features Josh Brolin as protagonist Lewellyn Moss, Tommy Lee Jones as protagonist Sheriff Ed Tom Bell, and JavierRead MoreNo Country For Old Men1103 Words   |  5 PagesEthan and Joel Coen’s No Country for Old Men (2007), the Western thriller film based off Cormac McCarthy’s novel written in 2005, implements narratives that reflect the criminal justice system in modern society. The film offers an interpretation on the criminal justice system through text and subtext. The text of the film argues for fate, predestination, and luck while the subtext serves as a support beam through lighting, imagery, and in this film’s case, a lack of music. Further support of theRead MoreNo Country For Old Men1745 Words   |  7 Pagesfilm No Country for Old Men is a Western, a viewer may develop some preconceived notions on what the narrative will include: ten-g allon hats, shiny law-enforcer badges, and a clock struck at high noon. 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Critics like James Wood from The New YorkerRead MoreNo Country For Old Men1465 Words   |  6 Pag esIn the film No Country for Old Men, directed by Joel and Ethan Coen, two main themes that were communicated were changing times and the idea of right and wrong. In this film: a drug deal gone results in Llewelyn Moss finding a briefcase full of money and running away with it. Chigurh (a cold blooded murderer) tracks Llewelyn to try and find the money, resulting in guns fired and people killed. The themes of changing times and right and wrong were sufficiently portrayed through the techniques ofRead MoreAnalysis Of No Country For Old Men1014 Words   |  5 PagesIn the film â€Å"No Country for Old Men,† there are many aspects that make it a fantastic piece of work. The authors A.O. Scott, Anthony Lane, and Christopher Orr all write brilliant reviews that praise the film as well as pick apart its shortcomings. However, none of the authors touched on the one seemingly obvious piece to the puzzle, which is the title. â€Å"No Country for Old Men† is a title that stands out among many others, and it does not speak for itself the way that many movie titles do. The titleRead MoreEssay on No Country for Old Men1619 Words   |  7 PagesBitter about the evolution of the corruption of society, Sheriff Ed Tom Bell plays the official hero clinging to old traditions and reminiscing about the old days in No Country for Old Men by Cormac McCarthy. Delusions of a peaceful utopia during the time his grandpa Jack was a sheriff has left Bell looking at the world through hopeless eyes; a world on its knees with only one explanation for its demise: Satan. Not necessarily a religious man, Sheriff Bell, when asked if he believes in Satan, remarks:Read MoreAnalysis Of `` No Country For Old Men ``1247 Words   |  5 PagesIn Cormac McCarthy’s â€Å"No Country For Old Men,† fate plays a significant role in the novel and is present in the lives of each of the characters he portrays. Fate, as def ined in the dictionary, is â€Å"the will or principle or determining cause by which things in general are believed to come to be as they are or events to happen as they do.† The theme of fate is demonstrated in all of the characters in the novel, but most evidently in Llewellyn Moss, Ed Tom Bell, Carla Jean, Carson Wells, and Anton ChigurhRead MoreNo Country for Old Men Essay2186 Words   |  9 PagesNitish Bali Mrs. Caporiccio ENG4U1 – 05 7 June 2013 The Attainment of Individuation in No Country for Old Men Society is built upon a foundation of norms, but not all individuals adhere to said norms, some are outliers. If the actions of an individual causes pain onto another, society defines that the normal reaction for that individual would be to exhibit a state of empathy, but this is not always the case, as there are those who do not feel or exhibit the normal psychological reactions toRead MoreHunting For Men And Meaning : No Country For Old Men1233 Words   |  5 PagesHunting for Men and Meaning in No Country for Old Men This movie is one of many classic movies that have the ultimate understanding of life and the human physiological behavior. This movie entitles three mechanisms of hunting to describe critical aspects of life, hunting for animals, hunting for men and hunting for meaning. Hunting is the act of tracking and taking a life; this act differs from hunting an animal to a human. This particle can teach a lot of principles like being patient, good timing

Fear of Being Misunderstood Essay Example For Students

Fear of Being Misunderstood Essay Understanding, love, caring is the keys to a good relationship. There should be no place for misunderstanding, if there is one you are on the shaky ground. Being misunderstood is when your intension is been proved wrong or different or when you mean something else and something really different totally different happens, against your intensions or expectations. When I 14yrs old my nature was kind of bubbly, I was sociable. But my dad always stopped me going out with friends. I couldnt talk to boys. My parents are form India and they brought with them in Canada their old fashioned way of thinking. Once when I was in India, my dad saw me hugging a boy. He was one of the popular boys in my school and was my best friend. My dad took me home and he told my mom all about that and made it a big issue. Then as a punishment he took away my TV, my computer and even my phone. I was constantly trying to explain myself but he didnt want any explanations. I was feeling so frustrated just like when your expectations are proved wrong. An explanation would have solved this problem if he has given me the chance to explain. I was frustrated because my parents took away my things and I couldnt do anything. I was so angry because they gave me the punishment without knowing the reason why did I hug him or what do I think about that boy. But the reality was that I hugged that boy just to thank him as he helped me to get out of some trouble. And most of all he was my best friend not more then that. Not taking care of somebodys explanations, announcing his/her decisions can create a big web of misunderstanding. Listening to explanations, understanding the person in front of you, you definitely can avoid the problem of being misunderstood. If I could get the chance I would have discussed the matter with my parents and would have placed my views in front of them. To understand somebody you have to put your foot in another persons shoe. A victim with this kind of fear could cause a person: depression, lack of confidence and even to commit suicide in some cases when it is unbearable. You feel frustrated when you or your intentions are consider wrong by some other person and the only way to overcome this is to have a talk, discussion or an objective conversation.

Global Mobile Commerce Strategies - Implementation

Question: Discuss about the Global Mobile Commerce : Strategies, Implementation. Answer: Introduction An information system is essential to a business to provide the appropriate information required for analysis. Databases for business activities such the customer database owned in NCF as well as paper records are good sources of data. However, an information system offers a more accurate data required for specific business processes. Moreover, an intelligent system provides efficient ways of analyzing the data for effective planning and decision making. Furthermore, Information systems are flexible and provide real-time modified information based on the business requirements. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the situation of NCF and provide a solution to its problem. It outlines the benefits of adopting information and suggests appropriate information system. It also highlights the procedure to the followed to implement the system and provide advice on further developments the company would consider for future growth. Benefits of having an information system Apparently, NCF operates an ineffective accounting system which does not allow for detailed analysis of customer information. The system is rigid and does not provide intelligent ways of examining the information captured from their clients. As a result, the company is not able to perform targeted marketing due to lack of accurate information about the market dynamics. Having an information system will enable the company to obtain more specific information about their customers (Laudon Traver, 2002). It will provide information about their ordering trends based on their tastes. Through an information system, the marketing manager will be able to obtain the overall picture of the department including the company's daily activities. Such will enable him to plan efficiently for marketing activities. Similarly, the marketing team will use the same data set to analyze customer records and identify which orders have not been processed. Paper-based forms used for supply operations can easi ly get duplicated or lose. However, Information system minimizes the use of paper by storing data safely through backups to prevent loss or damage. Moreover, the emergence of cloud computing makes it possible to store essential organizational data securely (Gupta, 2006). Moreover, it will help reduce the cost of printing supply forms as all operations will be performed electronically. Information system also provides data in custom formats which will make it easier for the NCF management to use. The system analyzes and presents same data set in various formats based on the department or the position of an individual. For instance, the marketing team headed by Tommy Walker will be able to access the list of purchase orders and contacts of the customers. Similarly, Tommy Walker as the head of the department will be presented with a pie chart highlighting every marketing representatives share of the sales (Bidgoli, 2002). Furthermore, the manager will see a bar graph illustrating sales volume for every product. On the other hand, the accounting will be served with the amounts generated by every supplier or marketing representative as well as the total amount realized for each product. Access to real-time information is essential for making strategic decision aimed at achieving short-term goals. NCF has rolled out new food products as part of its expansion plan. Operating various food products will thus require access to real-time data to keep every product line alive. Adopting an information system will enable the company to obtain real-time information about each product. For instance, the company will determine a failing product line and quickly develop a solution. Such is because the system will collect immediate data concerning the customers and suppliers and convert it to useful information that can be acted upon swiftly (Awad, 2002). Such will solve issues of supply problems witnessed earlier in the company. The problems of supply experienced in NCF are as a result of the inability to scale with the growing market needs. Some of the companys suppliers are not able to adapt to the expanding business operations leading to missed delivery lines hence poor services. However, an information system is flexible and can adapt to various organizational needs. Different parts of an information system can be programmed to adjust to changes (Goldstein, et al, 2002). Therefore, by adopting the system, NCF will be able to scale various departments to adapt to the market requirement to ensure success. For instance, the system will be upgraded to include instant information on customer orders and supply schedules to assist suppliers in processing. Most appropriate system for NFC One challenge faced by NCF is the inability to access accurate and timely information about the market and specifically its customers. Although the supermarkets which act as its supply agents collect vital market information, the company cannot access such information because of its confidentiality. The company is also faced with the problem of managing the information gathered about customers. For example, there are individual clients and agencies concerned about allergens and need to track their orders from the source to production. However, the company does not have a capable system in place to process and serve their customers with such information. Third, the company needs to conduct a more strategic marketing based on the accurate market intelligence. Apparently, it depends on insufficient and unorganized information obtained from the accounting system. It is clear that NCF suffers mainly from information insufficiency as well as an appropriate measure for managing and processing such information. Therefore, the best system to implement is an E-business system. E-business system is preferred as a sustainable solution to the company because it encompasses numerous business activities including sales of products, customer service, supplies, payment processing, information sharing, and management of production control among others (Glover et al, 2001). Through an e-business, NCF will be able to perform various business operations online ranging from data collection to supply management. It will help the company solve the problem of supply as the system will provide supply management functionality (Chaffey, 2009). Moreover, the company will be able to scale further to other geographic locations. The system comes with an online ordering functionality where customers will be able to place their orders online. It will also assist in addressing the problem of managing information about customer orders. The online ordering system will allow customers to track their orders based on their specific requirements from source to production (Xu Quaddus, 2010). E-business systems also come equipped with the ability to collect information about customer activities. The systems record customers ordering trends to assist in predicting their shopping behaviors. This is essential to NCF as it will be able to obtain relevant information about the market for analysis and decision making (Xu Quaddus, 2010). As a result, the company will be able to achieve a more strategic marketing. Compared to BI system, e-business system is most preferred because of its efficiency and ability to address numerous issues under a single front. Business intelligence would be helpful for processing market information for planning and decision marketing. However, Business Intelligent systems rely on a variety of information collected from various sources which are expensive to obtain (Marschan-Piekkari Welch, 2014). Moreover, business intelligent systems are solely for information processing and analysis without regard to other business processes like supply management. Thus it would not provide a complete solution for all challenges facing the company. On the other hand, social media would be an appropriate source for market information. The company could also adopt social media strategy for marketing and customer service. However, it is limited to information collection function and would not address other issues such as production control management. Steps for implementing an e-business system The first step to implementing the system would be to collect information from the expected users. In this case, the NCF IT department would seek the opinion of their customers regarding the system to enable them to assess the pitfalls and benefits of the system. It would involve developing questionnaires with accurate information such as purchase orders, targeted transaction, and supply procedures among others (Nahari Krutz, 2011). As such, they would ask their customers such as the agencies and individuals how they would like the supply system to operate. Moreover, NCF may contact their supply partners such as the supermarkets on the appropriate way to integrate their systems for smooth operations. They would also propose ways integrating their systems with other e-business organizations in the industry to facilitate information sharing. Feasibility study Although e-business is prioritized for the company's solution to their problems, it needs to perform a comprehensive feasibility study to determine its appropriateness regarding economics, operations, and technical requirements. First, the new IT department team will prepare a list of requirements needed. Second, they will identify various providers for both hardware and software required to implement the system. This will be followed by an organizational feasibility study to determine the importance of the system to addressing the company's problems. The team will then conduct an economic feasibility study to determine whether the expected increased profits cost savings, reductions, and increased revenue will exceed the operating and development cost. A technical feasibility study will enable the company to assess the capabilities of the proposed software and hardware to meet the requirements (Hice Cashwell, 1974). Here, they may trade between in-house development and off-the-shelf solution. For a proprietary system, they will consider comparing the cost of migration to an in-house solution with that of developing it in-house. For example, NCF plans to create an IT department headed by Tommy Walker. In this case, an in-house solution would be feasible and less costly. They will also carry out an operational feasibility to determine the willingness of employees, management, and suppliers to support the system. Project After assessing the required software and hardware as well as the feasibility study, the IT department would create the project team responsible for project implementation. They will create a communication plan and conduct a staffing analysis to identify an appropriate team for the project. The team members may include the project manager responsible for coordination, organizing, and directing the project. It will also include order management analyst to help define new process flow based on the old ones and the development team with the technical programming knowledge to develop the system. They will also require the skills of an e-business consultant to suggest the best business practices (Chaffey, 2009). The consultant will also be responsible for explaining the process of converting business requirements into the technical business objects of e-business. Development This phase will involve the development of the system by ensuring that all the requirements are met. The development team under the guidance of the project manager will cooperate with other team members including the e-business consultant to implement the system. It will involve planning, designing and development of the system to completion within the stipulated budget and time (Hice Cashwell, 1974). After development, the team will perform testing to ensure that every component of the system is working efficiently and effectively. They will then document the system to assist other stakeholders in understanding the process flow as well as in usage. Maintenance Maintenance of the system will be performed continuously based on changes or adjustments required to keep it operational. Moreover, support will involve scaling the business to new requirements. For example, it would help NCF expand their business operations such as opening new branches or increasing the number of suppliers. Here the company would hire an e-business consultant to help it jumpstart the processes. The consultant will also guide the company through new implementation to avoid common pitfalls. Further developments for future growth Implementing an e-business would help address various challenges faced by NCF ranging from lack of market information to timely supply of food products. However, the field of technology is dynamic, and new technologies are developed on a daily basis. Moreover, new technologies come with many benefits that would offer one a competitive advantage over others (Broke Roseman, 2010). Therefore, NCF should keep a flexible business model ready to adopt new technologies as they emerge. Apparently, the company through its website will enable its customer to enjoy inline ordering. However, the introduction of mobile technology has made it possible for ordering through cell phones. NCF should, therefore, consider adopting the mobile technology to survive and grow in the industry. Additionally, the e-business system is developed mainly for online business operations with limited data analysis capabilities. Therefore, the company should consider integrating the e-business system with an intellig ent business system to assist in the analysis (Huang Day, 2008). Such will enable it to perform an extensive analysis of the market trends thus obtain vital information for marketing and product development. References Boone, L. E., Kurtz, D. L. (2010).Contemporary business. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley. Xu, J., Quaddus, M. A. (2010).E-business in the 21st century: Realities, challenges, and outlook. Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific. Gupta, V. P. (2006).E- Business. New Delhi: Researchco Book Center. Huang, W., Wang, Y., Day, J. (2008).Global mobile commerce: Strategies, implementation, and case studies. Hershey: Information Science Reference. Brocke, J. ., Rosemann, M. (2010).Handbook on business process management: Introduction, methods and information systems. Berlin: Springer. Glover, S. M., Liddle, S. W., Prawitt, D. F. (2001).E business: Principles strategies for accountants. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall. Laudon, K. C., Traver, C. G. (2002).E-commerce: Business, technology, society. Boston: Addison Wesley. Weber, D. (2012).The food truck handbook: Start, grow, and succeed in the mobile food business. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley. Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs). (n.d.).E business. Alicante, Espan?a: Trade Marks and Designs Office of the European Union. Food business. (1900). Chicago, Ill: Putnam Pub. Bidgoli, H. (2002).Electronic commerce: Principles and practice. San Diego: Academic Press. Chaffey, D. (2009).E-business and e-commerce management: Strategy, implementation and practice. Harlow, England: FT Prentice Hall. Goldstein, A. E., O'Connor, D. C., Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2002).Electronic commerce for development. Paris: OECD, Development Centre of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Marschan-Piekkari, R., Welch, D. E., Welch, L. S. (2014).Language in international business: The multilingual reality of global business expansion. Awad, E. M. (2002).Electronic commerce. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall. Hice, G. F., Turner, W. S., Cashwell, L. F. (1974).System development methodology. Amsterdam: North-Holland Pub. Co. Nahari, H., Krutz, R. L. (2011).Web commerce security: Design and development. Indianapolis: Wiley Pub. Association of Business Process Management Professionals. (2009).Guide to the business process management common body of knowledge: ABPMP BPM CBOK. Chicago, Ill: Association of Business Process Management Professionals.

Puritans Essays - English Colonization Of The Americas,

Puritans annon A religious fanatic is someone who takes his or her religion to the extreme, letting it control everything in his or her day to day life. The Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay colony are a prime example of this extremist view of religion. They had com plete religion based lives including the laws that they wrote, the way they treated outspoken women, and the way they treated people of other religions. The Puritans, for the most part, were good people, they just went way too far when it came to their r eligious beliefs. In the late 16 hundreds, the Puritans wrote their laws according to what the Bible states in the Old Testament, and to what they thought should also be a sin against God. These laws made some very petty and insignificant things illegal; such as worshipp ing a God other than the Lord God, cursing the name of God, a child over 16 cursing his parents, and being stubborn or rebellious against ones own parents. The punishment for all of the afore mentioned laws and for many others was death. Even interpr eting a preachers sermon in a different way was enough to get in trouble with the law. And for one woman it did. The mix of being a woman and committing an act against the church was even worse. Anne Hutchinson was a woman in the Puritan society with her own religious views. Ones that she shared with a select group of people in the community when she held small meetings at her home to reevaluate and reinterpret what the preacher had said in his sermon. For this she got arrested, put on trial in a severe cross-examination, and was finally banished from the community. In this day and age, sharing of religious vi ews, even from a woman, wouldnt even be thought of as bad, much less a serious crime. But to the Puritans, having different views of Gods word was enough to have a person put to death. Even if they were from a different community all-together. The peace-loving Quakers lived in Massachusetts along side the Puritans, but did not believe in the same things as them. The Puritan community saw this as a demonic act and believed them to be under the strong delusion of Satan. Serious injustices we re done to them, and most of the time it was to innocent people. People were kept days without food, women were stripped stark naked, one lay neck and heels in irons for sixteen hours, many were banished, and many more beaten to near death. This mistrea tment of the Quakers went on for years before the King of England finally made a decree to end all of the persecutions. All of this, merely because they werent the same religion. The Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay colony were good people, but they went so far off the deep end with their religion that they sacrificed their plain old human kindness and forgiveness. They just didnt understand that there were other things in lif e than their religion. The Puritans were the true definition of religious fanatics; they couldnt control their religion so they let their religion control them.

Walker, Cisneros, Wright, Chan essays

Walker, Cisneros, Wright, Chan essays Characters Overcoming Obstacles in Literature What doesnt kill you only makes you stronger. This old saying can be applied to the characters in many popular works of literature. In studying the literary works of Alice Walker, Richard Wright, Jeffery Paul Chan, and Sandra Cisneros, many observations can be made about culture and the harsh prejudices against these cultures. In their respective works: The Color Purple, The Man Who Was Almost a Man, The Chinese in Haifa, and Woman Hollering Creek, each author presents a protagonist with much to overcome. Whether these obstacles come about because of gender, cultural differences, or both, they each serve to assist the protagonist with realizing his or her own identity. By facing the adversities that life has dealt out, the characters develop a better sense of who they are and what they want to become. Alice Walker presents Celie as a battered woman without much to live for. Between being raped by her stepfather and beaten by her husband, Albert, Celies attitude about her self-worth is extremely depressed. Both her stepfather and husband also abuse her verbally. They make her feel worthless. When her stepfather is trying to get Albert to marry Celie, he tells Albert, Fact is...I got to git rid of her...She ugly...She aint smart either (Walker 9). It does not help matters that she a black woman. This ensures that she will not receive many opportunities for an escape to safety and freedom. Practically every man that she comes across in her life abuses her. This violent treatment eventually leads Celie to a life without men. She finds a community of women with whom she can share her feelings and desires. Because of this formation of friendship with women, Celie is inspired to succeed. Shug encourages Celie to start up a business making pants. She also encourages Celie to discover new feelings...

Outline and discuss the evolution of CSR (Corporate Social Essay

Outline and discuss the evolution of CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility), including its history, role in the financial crisis - Essay Example Among the many corporate strategies that have been adopted in the corporate world, to ensure both sustainability and profitability is the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), which has gradually achieved massive popularity and significance in businesses world over. Corporate Social Responsibility simply refers to the manner in which businesses behave towards the society or conduct their affairs, in accordance to acceptable standards of operation; all businesses have an obligation to pay attention to, or to be responsive to social and environmental issues (Montiel 2008, p.245), rather than merely focusing on making profits. An understanding and integration of both societal needs and business needs is particularly important to business management in the recent times due to the increasing awareness of social challenges and the emphasis on social responsiveness. In that respect, Corporate Social Responsibility entails engaging in business practices and activities that promot e societal goals, thus, is one of the basic means of achieving competitive advantage in the complex and competitive global market environment. Historical background of CSR The concept of Corporate Social Responsibility dates awhile back in history and it has been in existence for more than a decade now, though its prominence and application in the corporate world is largely a present phenomenon for many corporations were not familiar with it until about the mid 1970’s. The pioneers of the concept observed that businesses ought to pursue policies and take decisions or actions that are desirable not only in terms of the objectives but also in terms of the values of society (Archie 1999, p.270). Initial academic debates that led to the development of this concept were the heated exchanges between Adolf Berle, who contended that managers were only responsible to their shareholders, and Merrick Dodd, who maintained that managers were responsible to the public as a whole and not ju st to the shareholders alone. Dodd further developed his contention by positing that besides the economic responsibilities owed to shareholders, managers have social responsibilities to the society as well; businesses serve a purpose in society and are not merely a source of profit to their owners (Snider, Hill & Martin 2003 p.176). Modern activist movements in the 1950’s and ‘60’s particularly in the US gave the debate a new momentum by turning media attention to business practices that they considered to be unethical or irresponsible, and in the wake of 1070’s focus had shifted to Corporate Social Responsiveness. This gave rise to yet another concept, Corporate Social Responsiveness, which refers to the notion that firms have to respond pragmatically to social pressures while paying considerable attention to their social obligations. A new development that took place in this era was the birth of modern corporate philanthropy, which involved corporations making huge donations for purposes not directly linked with immediate corporate profit. A further development in the concept was the shift from mere corporate philanthropy to strategic corporate philant

Principles of Adult Learning Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Principles of Adult Learning - Research Paper Example According to Malcolm Knowles, there are six tenets of understanding the adult learning; they include adults being independent and self-ruling learners, possessing an accumulation of knowledge and work related experiences, being goal oriented, relevancy-oriented, and practical, and requiring respect. Throughout this paper, I will outline a strong adult learning program. When it comes to building a strong adult learning model of instruction it is best to begin with a concrete understanding of what motivates the adult learner. As educators are aware, if students are not motivated then no learning is not taking place. As research reveals, â€Å"the following six factors are sources of adult motivation: social relationships, external expectations, social welfare, personal advancement, escape/stimulation, and cognitive interest† (Lieb, 1991). However, the most prevalent motivation for adult learners is that of career advancement or maintaining current career certificates/licenses. Teachers, for example, are required to stay abreast of current trends and best practices by completing a designated number of post-graduate credits every five years merely to maintain licensure to practice. Because professional development is the most prevalent factor of adult learner motivation, a quality instructor must adhere to four essential components including inspiration, support, maintenance, and transference. If these four components are not addressed in adult learning programs, learning is not occurring for the students. Stephen Lieb further finds that â€Å"With regards to motivation, if the participant does not recognize the need for the information, all of the instructors effort to assist the participant to learn will be in vain† (1991). For this reason, it becomes essential that instructors make it clear to their students the purpose for learning each set of skills; the learner needs to

Corporate Financial Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Corporate Financial Management - Essay Example Vodafone Group is a British international telecommunications corporation with the headquarters situated in London. The corporation also has its enlisted administrative centre in Newbury, Berkshire.In addition,Vodafone is the second largest mobile telecommunications corporation in the world,calculated by both 2011 earnings and subscribers,and as at December 2011,it had 439 million users.Also, Vodafone operates and owns networks in more than thirty nations and contains partner networks in more than forty extra nations. Its Vodafone Global Enterprise offers Information Technology and telecommunications services to corporate consumers in more than sixty five countries. Moreover, Vodafone has a 45% stake at Verizon Wireless. Verizon Wireless is the leading mobile telecommunications corporation in the United States of America calculated by users. Vodafone is also listed in the London Stock Exchange and is a part of the FTSE 100 index. As of July 2012, Vodacom had a market capitalization of almost 89.1 billion pounds. This was the third leading of any organization listed on the London Stock Exchange. Vodafone also contains a secondary listing on NASDAQ. Additionally, the name Vodafone is derived from voice data fone, selected by the corporation to illustrate the offering of voice and data services using mobile phones. Vodafone has a vision of being the leading mobile communication company in the world and a significant element of this is to make sure that consumers admire and trust the company. The company attains this by adapting a responsible model to the way it carries out its business activities. This augments its standing and develops customer loyalty. The company’s business strategy and corporate responsibility strategy are also interconnected. Vodafone holds the view that long-term commercial benefits emerge from doing business in a sustainable manner. Vodafone adopts a two-fold approach in doing business. One is to offer product extension. This entails introducing new services, dimensions, and features in saturated areas. These are regions like Europe and USA which contain complicated consumers who expect and want novel functions from their mobile phones. Establishing new ways of delivering services and products helps to preserve existing users and appeal to new ones. For instance, 3G technology has enhanced the quality and capacity of transferring voice and data. The second is looking for openings in emerging sectors (Vodafone Group 2012, p. 54). These include a number of the globe’s more remote regions, including some regions in Africa, where a large number of individuals cannot have access to a mobile phone. This paper will analyse the sources of finances, gearing of Vodafone during the last five years. The paper will realize this by providing a critical evaluation of the gearing and policies of the company with regard to its corporate objectives, relevant theories, and industrial sector practices. The foremost objective of Vodafone as a business unit is the maximization of profit. The organization also has a mission statement which makes sure that this foremost objective is attained in the most suitable manner possible. The mission statement is to be the leading communication company in a progressively more connected globe. Correspondingly, the mission statement is passed on to all shareholders of the organization, particularly to the company’s workers, largely because it is the workers who make the most significant contribution in accomplishing the objectives of the company. Vodafone is also dedicated to offering markets with less developed infrastructure the necessary technology to establish communication which will be of significance both socially and economically. Finally, it is committed to accomplishing its goals by providing superior and innovative services. Vodafone provides both basic telecommunication services, for example, text messaging and mobile phone calls, and

The conceptual framework of feminism

The conceptual framework of feminism The conceptual framework of feminism, as a reactionary ideology, basically consists of power, woman, rights, and equality. The same can be said of African feminism, which has on its priority list such goals as self-determination, which have economic overtones sewn on a materialistic metaphysic. African womanism, despite its pretensions to seeking co-operation or its advocacy for interdependency between men and women, uses a model of conscientisation of women that is foreign to Africa, and runs the risks of obscurantism, vulgarism, inauthenticity, and irrelevance. To put it cryptically, African womanism cant want and cant not want men at the same time. Although gender has made tremendous strides in conscientising women about their plight vis-Ã  -vis male-dominance, its future in Africa demands that it re-position itself appropriately. At least it must re-think three theories, that is, the labour theory, economic theory, and social theory. Africas contemporary socio-political scene depicts theoretical and practical confusion of gender with feminism or, for that matter, gender with broad emancipatory movements, such as African womanism, which nonetheless use gender theory as an intellectual tool for critical analysis for the supposedly discriminatory social, religious and political organisational structures. Feminist thinkers loathe these structures because they see in them deliberate mechanisms for oppressing or marginalising women. This oppression of women characterises the present economic inegalitarianism in a male-dominated status quo. Consequently, it is argued that these male-founded and male-dominated structures can only be changed so as to render them balanced or equitable if and only if revolutionary measures are employed. The usual elements of such arguers form a class of people called feminist ideologues. Feminist ideologues are those people, male and female, minority or majority in one country, who share th e ideas or beliefs or attitudes of male-dominance over women. They tend to look at society in one way; they are certainly unhappy, dissatisfied and critical of what they see around them as compared to what they would like to see. The rational justification of their discontent and critical attitude is quite another thing. Insofar as feminism comprises people, who share one set of ideas or Where is the Foundation of African Gender? beliefs or attitudes as a group or community and who are (radically) organised, feminism is an ideology,1 which is posited to displace the prevailing male-dominated ideology. It is the core of an ideology or the ideological core, which is the most difficult part to change because it is the worldview of the people. The ideological core consists of the core ideas, core beliefs, or core attitudes of a people. By implication, if the core ideas, beliefs, or attitudes are purged out then the peoples practical reality is annihilated. The revolutionary spirit is germane to any feminist ideologue because he or she believes that lasting and effective change must be moral and intellectual. These detested moral and intellectual values are in-built in society so that their removal or reduction calls for a drastic revolutionary overhaul of the whole social fabric. This drastic revolutionary overhaul of society must be no less than a critique of the prevailing ideology because it purports to subjec t to intellectual scrutiny, and eventually refute or reject prevailing ideas, beliefs, or attitudes, which are rationally unjustified or prejudicial to the position of women in society. And then feminist ideology purports to create its own better ideas, beliefs, or attitudes. In other words, feminist ideology creates its own counter-consciousness, and eventually its own counterculture. This counterculture comprises a new set of beliefs and a new style of life that is intended or hoped to challenge and eventually expose the inadequacy of the prevailing culture. Only when the ideological core of the prevailing culture is removed and replaced by a new ideological core can lasting and effective change occur. Any change less than that involving the ideological core is superficial or transitory. In a nutshell, feminism challenges the prevailing status quo and develops a counter-ideology that questions the prevailing status quo and then attempts to modify it. Feminism advocates change rather than order. It criticises the regime in power and existing social and economic arrangements. It advances schemes for restructuring and reordering society. It generates political movements in the form of womens movements in order to gain enough power and influence to effect the changes it advocates. Feminism is an ideology of action for it motivates people to demand changes in their lifestyles and to modify the existing social, religious, political, and economic relations. It also mobilises its followers and adherents to preserve what they value.2 Ultimately, feminism is political and revolutionary. The revolutionary tinge of feminism has historically at times sanctioned the use of violence,3 which has not precluded bloodshed. Gender thinking adopts this feminist stance, with little or no modification or retouching and with few or no disclaimers, so that it is conventional gender thinking to posit men as the perpetrators of female-oppression and discrimination in a society which is viewed as male-dominated, a society in which this sad scenario is ingrained in the fabric of the prevailing political regimes, and where the social, religious, political and economic relations and structures are arranged so as to embrace and promote inequality between men and women. The result is that the gender paradigm centrally addresses the problems of equality and liberty rights, more or less zeroing on a variant of welfare-state ideology. Gender thinkers see no need to take caution in distinguishing gender-ism from feminism. Feminism is taken for granted as the appropriate seed and vehicle of gender. In contemporary literary circles, the philosophical presuppositions of gender thinking and practice are not put to a litmus test because testing gender implies testing feminism, which, in any case, has withstood many a crucial test as evidenced by its record of persistence and triumph especially in Europe, Great Britain, America, Canada, and Australia. This being the case, the cogency of popular gender-isms can only be tested, or critiqued, against cross-cultural objectivity. This paper argues that the lack of demarcation between gender and feminism leads to confusion of western feminism with gender. By grounding itself in feminist ideology, gender inherits most of the weaknesses and shortfalls of western feminism. Gender finds its impetus and modes of expression in western feminism. Therefore, Africa needs to rethink a specific gender, which is appropriate to the African situation in this new millennium. Conceptual analysis of gender and feminism becomes a problem for a start because there is a plethora of such offers on the contemporary intellectual and political scenes. Below, only extant literature is reviewed on the question of gender and feminism in Malawi and elsewhere in Africa. In the case of Malawi, only a few representative papers are considered. Any other contributions outside these papers are nonetheless worthwhile but very likely to be implicitly implicated and/or critiqued in one or more of the representative papers. The choice of the papers is free and deliberate: social philosophy, education, religion, and environment, i.e., unarguably, some of the hottest beds of gender debates and activism. At this juncture, it should be appreciated that African intellectuals have for some time tried to conceptualise gender and feminism in their own situation. As far as philosophical writing is concerned in Malawi, Hermes Chidammodzi was 116 Where is the Foundation of African Gender? the first to notice and then critique this confusion between gender and feminism in the mid-nineties. Feminism is a consecration of the moral and intellectual and hence universal values of equality purportedly denied of women by the dominance of males over women and the sacrosanct ideologies developed in society to legitimatise and perpetuate male-dominance. Thus conceived, feminism as a western reactionary and sacrosanct ideology is not African in origin and development so that the contemporary gender idiom is not a full theoretical framework and expression of the paradigm of African gender. This construing of gender invokes three important thoughts: (1) Gender does not mean and is not women. (2) Gender emerges in a specific situation depicting inegalitarianism embedded in social structures where one sex (male or female) is on the losing side. (3) Gender is a social construct of sets of behaviours, dispositions, ideas, beliefs, values, and attitudes of man and woman. (4) Gender has a strong materialistic tendency, for it grounds womens qualities or modes of action in womens daily li ves in a spatio-temporal-specific resource base presumably conditioned by a sexual division of labour. Insofar as it is situationally embedded in the societys power relations, gender is a reaction to constructed, i.e. real or imagined, male- dominance and female subordination. Gender thus conceived becomes an outgrowth from feminism. 28 The history of feminism is marked by two goals: equality and rights. Pioneer American feminists like Susan Anthony and Elizabeth Stanton had to battle it out with men for their right to vote as equals with men by dint of creation. In the days of old, liberalism provided the initial momentum toward the release of women from social bondage. To womens disappointment, many a revolution (like the American Revolution in 1776 and the French Revolution in 1789) and nationalism did not specifically rescue them from subjugation by men. Social inequalities continued to prevail in the new and independent states. Britain, America and the Continent of Europe clearly illustrate the sluggish pace of women liberation progress; Switzerland is the last European democracy to grant women suffrage in 1971. Despite the universality of female subordination and male domination, the African womans situation is bound to make her suspicious of western feminist discourse, which is mostly the experience of the twentieth century middle-class woman in an industrial sexual division of labour. For the western woman of that era it was only natural for her to cry for balance of power. The feminist fight was a fight for power. She made lots of gains; her emancipatory efforts bore her more equality with men, more rights, and easier access to resources, increase in opportunities or incentives, especially in the public sphere. The yardstick was always her more privileged male counterpart in the already privileged middle-class. In labour, this historicity of western feminism has led to the misconception that women were solely fighting for the soft or top jobs such as company executive, manager, prime minister, parliamentarian, physician, news editor, professor, pilot; surprisingly, the women never zealously fought for rough jobs such as undertaker, trench-digger, dockyard worker, heavy industrial worker, soldier,30 or night-guards. In its counter-critique, western feminism penetrated the rough jobs; eventually, the west saw more women engineers, women soldiers, and policewomen, thus virtually transforming western society into a unisex club. In the inter-war period, and much more vehemently after W.W.II, feminist thinkers zeroed on marriage as the champion of female subordination, and so they strongly argued that the demolition of the marriage institution would automatically lead to total women liberation. It was then a normal spectacle for a woman feminist to be decidedly non-married, although she could be attached and have children. Domesticity, child rearing, or whatever family life stands for, was looked upon as an impediment to women involvement and participation in public life, especially to public employment. The feminist propaganda so narrowly construed was reduced to a feminist fight for space and time in the public spheres of life especially the workplace, which was supposed as a predominantly male ter ritory. Two concepts dominated and still dominate the western conceptual framework. Western gender categories dismally fail to provide a gender conceptual framework for the African woman. For instance, the category of power cannot be used to conceptualise gender in Africa. To argue that a certain normative concept like power has a gender meaning is to claim that its social usage, at least in part, is not what it ought to be for reasons that have to do with gender To claim further that the usage does not command universality and objectivity, due to considerations of differing hermeneutics, i.e. interpretation as grounded in historicity and context is not to advocate gender scepticism. Although the empirical realities of women world-wide are different, this paper argues for the abandonment of gender exclusivity in the face of equally competing, urgent and appealing discourses of, say, ethnicity, racism, and class. In western traditional masculinist literature, power is viewed as repressive, poured from a leviathan above to his subjects below. The subjects are said to need the powerful leviathan because without him, they lack security, peace and well-being. In that western literary world, power is evidently and firmly associated with the male and masculinity, like virility, thus evoking the physicality of power. The correlate of man, woman, is therefore powerless. So when feminists wrote about power over our bodies and power of our lives they were using the very same concept of power, which pervaded traditional masculinist discourses on power. They affirmed the male conceptualisation of power rather than providing an alternative. It comes to us as no surprise that contemporary gender thinkers mimic the same masculinist notion of power in theorising gender. They are not wary of historical, social and political situation of knowledge-claims.32 Trapped in their own ideological cocoon, the western feminist women still think that western rationality is the only rationality; that western science is superior to other forms of rationality (if any), so that in regard to, say, family planning strategy, African women have to be helped by their more scientific counterparts from the west. African women, so claim the western women, need to be conscientised because it is feared that the African women have internalised the oppression or suffering and therefore are in desperate need of awareness campaigns by women animators from the west. The western feminists already fall prey to the yet another ideology of dominance they vehemently fight in their own backyard. Western feminists are totally oblivious to the reality of subject-object relations in research; the reality the helper and the helped are equals as they each experience the other from the viewpoint of their own situations and background knowledge and cultures. Each one (the helper and the helped) is the object of experience of the other so that objectivity is somehow tainted with subjectivity. 31 Oshadi Mangena argues likewise that if one is attentive to differences of ethnic origin, sexual orientation and class, the notion of gender disintegrates into fragments and cannot anymore be employed as a useful category. See K. Lennon and M. Witford, Knowing the difference: feminist perspectives in epistemology, London: Routeldge and Kegan Paul, 1994, pp. 275-282. 32 Annette Fitzsimons and Susan Strickland, Ibid. pp. 124; 265. 129 Nordic Journal of African Studies That the helper enjoys the exclusive right to the objectification of knowledge of the Other is an ingrained feature of western cross-cultural research, after all the helper has scientific skills or rational advantage over the helped, and this ontological arrangement make the helped redundant in the objectification of knowledge of the Other. The only danger though is that the consequent helpers knowledge is partial or fragmentary. The implication is that western feminists cannot emancipate the supposedly un-conscientised African women. 2.2.2 Woman Just as the concept of human, as narrowly presented in western literature, fails to command objectivity, the same literature fails to define woman. Woman is amenable to many different things; it is shrouded by ambiguities about its ontological status. It can evoke intrinsic characteristics, like caring and love, but this smacks of essentialism, which does not have many adherents in gender mainstreams. It can also evoke familial relationships as the non-male member. Both of these evocations partially conceive woman for they are normative since they are descriptive of a set of social facts or relations. As such, woman has no characterizable content and hence the challenge from postmodernist thought that woman is not descriptively adequate since, it is observed, woman is cross-culturally different. According to postmodernists, woman imposes unity over empirical reality.33 Postmodernism rejects the Enlightenment and the humanist presumptions of wonders of reason. The Enlightenment is rejected because of its veneration of masculine reason at the expense of sensuality; humanism is rejected because of its appeals to universal subjectivity or the human condition. Instead of seeking sameness postmodernism celebrates difference, partiality and multiplicity. It detests the search for coherence and hankering after the right (or Platonic or Kantian) solution. Postmodernist feminism equally opposes a hermeneutic parochialism of the present over the past or vice versaof searching for a single given goal, a single representation of reality. This new brand of feminism transcends the historicist recognition of the inevitable peculiarity and contextuality of human thought and practice and hence it advocates the continuity of dialogue between interlocutors, between text and interpreter, and between subject and object, with no advantage, marked goal or reality. This postmodernist re-orientation of feminism is a deliberate step away from essentialism and universalism: marginalisation and exclusion of the Other.34 It puts emphasis on particularity and multiplicity with due attention to difference, diversity and locale. But postmodernists also impose a tough demand on gender thinkers: why should the absence of facts for 33 See Alessandra Tanesini, Ibid. pp. 211-212. 34 See Susan Strickland, Ibid. pp. 266-7. 130 Where is the Foundation of African Gender? description of woman precludes the claim for the notion of woman, even where the possession of the notion may not warrant the description or analysis of the same? Even the points of convergence of feminism and postmodernism are not adequate grounds for their formulation of their purported common aims because their concept-lingualities are different. For example, their meanings of a concept like difference are different. In postmodernism, difference is acknowledged as typical of human experience worldwide; it is at the same time evaded as a threat to dominant perspectives of understanding or interpreting reality. It is consistent within postmodernism to demonstrate that woman was all along acknowledged as different but was included in universal humanity in name only by the dominating men. Feminists believe that the dominant ideology in world history is the root cause of the subjection of women by men. In Rousseaus language of right, the emancipation of western woman, albeit noticeably incomplete as we enter the third millennium, began as late as mid nineteenth century. However, feminism does not argue for the mere acknowledgement of difference; womens experience and perspectives should be noticed and heard along with dominant male experience and perspectives. Feminists complain bitterly that that the dominant perspectives are exclusive of women because they are ideological and hence false, since they are interested and distorted. Feminists are not content with their inclusion in or numerical addition to universal humanity as read in liberal or Marxist theories. Whereas postmodernism stops at the recognition of difference, feminism posits difference as a challenge, a paradigm of its critical dialogue with its situation, past, present and future. The concept woman is thrown into serious doubt because the notion of gender itself is slowly moulding due to its exclusiveness. What is being advocated instead of gender is a multiplicity of identities; for instance, if one widens ones horizon, one cannot fail to realise that differences of ethnic origin and class, sexual orientation (gays and lesbians), should be priority items on the liberation agenda. In spite of its usefulness in certain emancipatory projects, woman as a gender category stands to question now because it has dawned on contemporary gender thinkers that woman is essentially embedded in misogynist literature and that it is conducive to, and promotes, exclusionary practices. In short, a feminist survey of western languages shows that the meaning of some words, such as power, woman, human, reason, depicts gender bias against women; the words are not universal. The concept-lingual sources of western rightist discourses, like feminism, are liberalism or Marxism in their vicious attack of their respective archrivals, authoritarianism, and capitalism. Ironically, Karl Marx did not directly address the specific situation of women. He presumed that his communism would provide liberation for women just as it would for all the exploited masses and underprivileged minorities, male and female. 131 Nordic Journal of African Studies Friedrich Engels (Marxs lifetime friend, economic guardian, co-author, and Marxs editor) also narrowly attributed women subjugation to property relationships of the conjugal family only in capitalist societies; he remained mute on the reality of their enslavement in non-capitalist societies including communism and matriarchal societies. Marxism and capitalism cannot be plausible concept-lingual sources for the gender movement in the new millennium since both of them are ideologies of conflict: they pit man against man; the state exploits the proletariat-worker in the former, whereas the capitalist boss exploits the labourer in the latter. The importance of authentic concepts of gender needs to be stressed. More importantly, the crucial concept of power needs to be unambiguously stipulated in contemporary gender thought and practice. The feminism of the 1970s and 1980s correctly revealed that the concepts that are presented to us as universal and trans-historically valid actually embody male biases. For example, normative concepts such as reason, science and knowledge fail to pass the gender universalisation test, so to say. Even if these normative concepts embody ideals and express values, they nonetheless prescribe and evaluate behaviour in male-perspectives and so the values they express and ideals they embody are far from universal. Normative concepts function as descriptions of the endorsements of a specific society, and are faithful to past usage. Hence the complaint that feminism has taken the experience, i.e. marginalisation, of white middle class women to be representative of all women. The glaring weakness of these normative concepts is that they leave little or no room for disagreement or difference within a situation like a community. Conformity is the order of the day since they are treated as truth-conditions, instead of being emendations of current thought and action. These contemporary feminists fear that these values and ideals are codifications of norms regulating masculinity, where the womans normal is locus of the domesticity of the family, i.e. the private sphere of life. What current gender thought needs is the evolution of ongoing social practice. It should engage in evaluation of these concepts and influence the evolution of social practice in regard to concept-usage. 3. GENDER AND FEMINISM: THE AFRICAN SCENARIO The argument that African women cannot identify with doctrinaire western feminism comes with cogent force because the knowledge and experience of African women have been ignored or marginalised by a feminism that reflects only the perspectives of white western middle-class women; that it indulges in false universalism and lacks critical awareness of its situation are simple inferences drawn from the argument. Its conception of woman remains problematic and therefore vacuous because its woman is intended to deny self-evident differences between woman and woman in situation and experience, 132 Where is the Foundation of African Gender? privilege and power. It is apologetic of the peculiarities of woman since it misconceives them as functional and not as formal differences (from man). As a result, its content and purpose are not based on actual commonalties between women but on the experience and interests of some women who have the position and ability to impose upon other women their own idiosyncrasies, terms and definitions, i.e. what they mean for themselves and others. For instance, when western feminism seeks to balance or reverse the social scales, it employs conceptual polarities such as nature-culture, strong-weak, reason-intuition, public-private, male-female-neuter sexual division of labour. To explain the position of women, it says women are closer to nature; they are more intuitive; they are more private or secretive, etc, not knowing that it simply endorses masculinist (and hence exploitable) viewpoints about woman. Indeed feminism lacks a critical awareness of its situation. Feminism is not in dialogue with its context, past and present, and therefore cannot be used to forge emendations to any society, which cries for transformation of social relations. Feminism is engaged in a monologue, which mistakes its own ventriloquism for effectiveness since it is falsely generalising and insufficiently attentive to historical and cultural diversity. Another unwelcome feature of western feminism is that, although it borrows critical tools from other emancipatory theories like Reformation, liberalism and Marxism, it does not put itself forward to challenging other forms of subordination like slavery, colonialism, racism, and their accompanying prejudices and complexes, which affect women as well. Its exclusiveness to the western middle-class womans experience undermines its universality and objectivity, and therefore puts to serious doubt its relevance to the African woman of the same era.35 Worse still, its silence could easily be interpreted as its assent to slavery, colonialism and racism, experiences that western middle-class men caused on both African women and men. Though not unique, the situation of the African feminist and that of the Western feminist would not replicate. An African woman generally finds herself in a social setting where power might not be the paradigm of interpersonal life. Jobs are just as hard to get for a female as they are for her male counterpart. In a marital situation, for example, she may dispense with the battle of balancing it out with her allegedly dominant male partner in terms of sexual division of labour, involving child-care and domestic chores due to the scenario of dependency, a creation of the extended family. Dependants fill in as auxiliary or surrogate mothers or fathers and as unofficial maids or cooks, etc. Even if dependants were not around, hiring domestic staff would be more affordable in her society than it would be in the west. As is well known, in the west, it is almost impossible to hire domestic staff. 3.1 TRADITION VERSUS MODERNITY: SOCIO-POLITICS IN CONTEMPORARY AFRICA Transformation is a rare occurrence in Africa. Perhaps devolution, rather than evolution or revolution, is the modus operandi for social transformation in Africa. The interface of the past and the present may not be conducive to the development of radical gender even among urban or elite women. Past attitudes and values tend to phase out far too slowly under the weight of new attitudes and values. The usual conceptualisation of woman both among the rural and urban folk might have more conservative undertones than radical gender theorists wish. In Malawi, for instance, even after the legal repeal of the indecent dress code, the woman in trousers or mini-skirt risks categorisation as a champion or promoter of moral turpitude. The continuing scenario of stripping off mini-skirted city women by vendors is testimonial enough of these slow-dying conservative undertones even in the urban or modernised areas of Malawi. Radical gender might be undaunted by this current negative public recepti on of trousers and mini-skirts in Malawi, dismissing it as a primary reaction of a bunch of male savages. Time alone will heal this negative attitude; gender activists console themselves. At this stage though, these attitudes should be of great concern because it is not unusual for radical gender women lobbyists to experience opposition and disapproval from fellow women. Another reality that might prevent replication of western gender in Africa is the social history of Africa. It is difficult to identify the dominant ideology for African societies outside Africas recent experience of slave trade, colonialism, and nationalism. However, anthropology and archaeology, which pretend to dig deeper into Africas past, and re-construct the Antique Africa antedating the three recent experiences of Africa, reveal to us that there are matrilineal and patrilineal societies in Africa. In the patrilineal societies, for example, Ngoni, Tumbuka, Sena, Ngonde in Malawi, males are dominant. However, broadly speaking, in matrilineal societies women are more powerful than men, an issue that is accentuated by the husbands settling in their wives villages upon marriage. One would expect that in a setting where land is the most valuable property, due to reliance on agriculture, a landowner would command a lot of power and influence. Husbands, as co-opted landowners, will in principle and practice have less power and influence than their wives. Therefore, if the western genders power paradigm is anything to go by, the matrilineal society depicts a reversal of the western gender model. In Malawi, Chewa, Yao, Manganja and Lomwe societies are largely matrilineal in principle. The Tonga of the northern shore of Lake Malawi can be included in gender-wise peculiar ethnic groups although the Tonga are bi-lineal. In these ethnic groups, one must distinguish the formal from informal power structures and modes of social organisation; in the formal power setting, that is the traditional chieftaincy, chiefs hold only symbolic power since what they execute in public is largely the consensus, or the communis sensus, of the ruling 134 Where is the Foundation of African Gender? Unlike feminist scholarship in the West, feminist theory and scholarship in Africa have formed neither a neatly delineated field, nor one firmly rooted in theoretically-inflected politics. With the consolidation of Western feminisms between 1960 and the early 1980s and the growth of the so-called second wave, clear political and intellectual traditions were formed around radical, liberal and Marxist/socialist feminisms. Subsequent feminisms drew on or deviated from these positions to engage increasingly with theories and politics emerging in the nineties. African theories and womens movements have taken very different paths. In certain ways, African theories and womens movements have been closely linked to politics, although this politic

Emotional Triggers :: essays research papers

When director of photography Conrad Hall, ASC and director Sam Mendes teamed to make American Beauty, few could have predicted that their dark vision of suburban malaise would be such a smash success. The film won five Academy Awards, including those for Best Picture, Best Director and Best Cinematography (Hall’s second Oscar, following his triumph for the 1969 Western classic Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid). Hall’s work also earned him his third ASC Award for Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography (see AC June ‘00). Road to Perdition, Hall and Mendes’ second collaboration, took the duo into decidedly different territory. Based on a graphic novel authored by Max Allan Collins, the film is a tale about the Irish Mafia set in 1930s Chicago. At its heart is the relationship between fathers and sons; after his professional life tragically impacts his domestic life, hit man Michael Sullivan (Tom Hanks) sets out on a wintry journey of self-discovery with his son, Michael Jr. (Tyler Hoechlin). Along the way, Sullivan must come to terms with his adoptive father, Irish crime lord John Rooney (Paul Newman). â€Å"Road to Perdition is a period movie in which there are no double-breasted, pin-striped suits and no spats,† Mendes says. â€Å"I was trying to get away from all the clichà ©s of the gangster genre.† Hall’s overarching strategy for the film dovetailed with the director’s goal by favoring naturalistic realism over a more stylized approach to the material. â€Å"The thing that makes this picture work so well is a kind of honesty,† Hall says. â€Å"It’s a sort of honest reality that doesn’t try to be theatrical in any way. There is no blue moonlight, no green vistas, none of that kind of stuff. The film has very carefully crafted compositions, it’s meticulously cut, and it’s paced very gently and slowly — all of which is good for the story.† Of his photography, Hall notes that â€Å"I’m not trying to characterize the people in the film; the actors do that. I’m trying to frame them in an appropriate emotional context for the scenes. How are their characters behaving in those scenes? Are they behaving like human beings? My goal is to make a given scene emotionally accessible for the audience. I just try to make it real. Whatever the story is trying to say to the audience dictates to me the mood I should use to reach that audience. In this case, the film is about a father who’s trying to raise his son so that the boy won’t grow up to be like him.

A Project on Ipl.

A PROJECT REPORT ON MARKETING STRATERGIES OF INDIAN PRIMIER LEAGUE (IPL) SUBMITTED BY BHAVIK K. SANGHVI THIRD YEAR OF BACHELOR OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES (V-SEMESTER) PRAHLADRAI DALMIA LIONS COLLEGE OF COMMERCE & ECONOMICS, MUMBAI – 400 064 TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF BACHELOR OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES ACADEMIC YEAR 2011-2012 DECLARATION I, Bhavik K. Sanghvi student of T. Y. B. M. S. Prahladrai Dalmia Lions College have completed the Project on Marketing Strategies of Indian Premier League For the Academic Year 2011-2012. The information given in this project is true to the best of my knowledge.Bhavik K. Sanghvi CERTIFICATE I Prof. Dr. A. M. Bhende hereby certify that Bhavik K. Sanghvi student of T. Y. B. M. S. PRAHLADRAI DALMIA LIONS COLLEGE OF COMMERCE AND ECONOMICS has completed the Project on MARKETING STRATEGIES OF INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE for the Academic year 2011-2012. This information is true to the best of my knowledge. |Signature of |Signature of Princ ipal | |Project Co-ordinator | |ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all I would like to take this opportunity to thank the Mumbai University for having projects as a part of the B. M. S. curriculum. Many people have influenced the shape and content of this project, and many supported me through it. I express my sincere gratitude to Prof. Dr. A. M. Bhende for assigning me a project on MARKETING STRATEGIES OF INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE, which is an interesting and exhaustive subject. He has been an inspiration and role model for this topic. His guidance and active support has made it possible to complete the assignment.I also would like to thank my parents, my sister and my friends who have helped and encouraged me throughout the working of the project. Last but not the least I would like to thank the Almighty for always helping me. PREFACE This project is undertaken to fulfil the project work component of the B. M. S. program in the V Semester. My project guide from P. D. College is Prof. Dr. A. M . Bhende. This project shows the working style and life of employees at their workplace. It gives an insight into the employer-employee relationships prevalent in companies.It speaks about how a company should keep their employees happy by providing them quality work life. This project also gives an overview of how a Human Resource Department should function so as to retain the best of the company's human resources for the company's betterment. INTRODUCTION [pic] What is the Indian Premier League (INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL))? The Indian Premier League, created by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) and sanctioned by the International Cricket Council (ICC), is a Twenty20 cricket competition.It is the brainchild of BCCI vice-president Lalit Modi and is modelled along the lines of club football in Europe, which is unlike anything cricket has known in the past. The best players from around the world will not play according to their nationality but as per the market forces. Big money involved The sheer big money of the INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) is unprecedented at this level of cricket. The BCCI has already made close to US$ 1. 75 billion solely from the sale of TV rights ($908 million), promotion ($108 million) and franchises (approximately $700 million).Players are expected to earn close to US$1 million for a three-year contract. It's an entire cricket economy out there. Top cricketers involved There are 77 names in the competition. MS Dhoni, Ricky Ponting, Adam Gilchrist, Shoaib Akhtar, Jayawardene, Jayasuriya, Yuvraj and Hayden are some of the big names. The process The tournament is scheduled to begin on April 18, 2008 and will last for 44 days, involving 59 matches. The prize money for the league will be around Rs 13 crore (US $3million).Each team will have a pool of 16 players, of whom eight can be international and four from the Under-22 level or from the catchment area where the team is based. The governing council consists of Chairman and Commissioner Lalit Modi, Sunil Gavaskar, MAK Pataudi and Ravi Shastri, Rajiv Shukla, Chirayu Amin, Inderjit Singh Bindra and Arun Jaitley. Although it is going to be a franchise system, some foreign players have already been contracted by the BCCI to play in the INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL). Fixtures Each team will play the other 7 teams home and away, the top four teams at the end of the group stages will go through to the semi finals.Format 8 teams 16 players in a squad INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) as a Product: Position in the BCG Matrix: Is INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) just a product now ? Is INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) only for money minting ? What is its position in the BCG MATRIX ? The Indian Premier League going to be held in South Africa will mainly be a television product for the Indian market and the crowd attendances will be no more than a bonus, according to a former cricket administrator. Arthur Turner says that hosting of INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) in South Africa is no t a coup for the country as the tournament was shifted out of India due to security reasons. It is hard to see how eight foreign teams playing 59 matches in a foreign country will capture the imagination of the South African public. Sure there will be a curiosity factor but nothing more. Durban will probably be the exception given the huge Indian community,† Sports24. com quoted Arthur, as saying. He says the INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) will be mainly a television product for the Indian market and the crowd attendances will be no more than a bonus, and adds that the main aim of the organisers is to ensure that the tournament takes place.Arthur compliments Cricket South Africa on assisting the INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) by hosting the tournament in the country as an emergency measure, which is good in the spirit of cricket. The South African economy will also benefit from the move with the hospitality, hotel and transport industries being the main beneficiaries. Also, the loca l cricket provinces and their venues will benefit financially from a staging fee for matches, he says. What is BCG MATRIX? [pic] The  BCG matrix  or also called  BCG model  relates to marketing.The BCG model is a well-known portfolio management tool used in product life cycle theory. BCG matrix is often used to prioritize which products within company product mix get more funding and attention. The  BCG matrix  model is aportfolio planning  model developed by Bruce Henderson of the Boston Consulting Group in the early 1970's. The BCG model is based on classification of products (and implicitly also company business units)  into four categories based on combinations ofmarket growth  and  market share  relative to the largest competitor. When should I use the BCG matrix model?Each product has its  product life cycle, and each stage in product's life-cycle represents a different profile of risk and return. In general, a  company should maintain a  balanced  portfolio of products. Having a balanced product portfolio includes both  high-growth  products as well aslow-growth  products. A  high-growth product  is for example a new one that we are trying to get to some market. It takes some effort and resources to market it, to build distribution channels, and to build sales infrastructure, but it is a product that is expected to bring the gold in the future.An example of this product would be  an iPod. A  low-growth product  is for example an established product known by the market. Characteristics of this product do not change much, customers know what they are getting, and the price does not change much either. This product has only limited budget for marketing. The is the milking cow that brings in the constant flow of cash. An example of this product would be a regular Colgate toothpaste. But the question is, how do we exactly find out what phase our product is in, and how do we classify what we sell?Furthermore, we a lso ask, where does each of our products fit into our product mix? Should we promote one product more  than the other one? The  BCG matrix  can help with this. The  BCG matrix  reaches further behind product mix. Knowing what we are selling helps managers to make decisions about what priorities to assign to not only products but also company departments and business units. What is the BCG matrix and how does the BCG model work? Placing products in the BCG matrix results in 4 categories in a portfolio of a company: BCG STARS  (high growth, high market share) Stars are defined by having high market share in a growing market. – Stars are the leaders in the business but still need a lot of support for promotion a placement. – If market share is kept, Stars are likely to grow into cash cows. BCG QUESTION MARKS  (high growth, low market share) – These products are in growing markets but have low market share. – Question marks are essentially new p roducts where buyers have yet to discover them. – The marketing strategy is to get markets to adopt these products. – Question marks have high demands and low returns due to low market share. These products need to increase their market share quickly or they become dogs. – The best way to handle Question marks is to either invest heavily in them to gain market share or to sell them. BCG CASH COWS  (low growth, high market share) – Cash cows are in a position of high market share in a mature market. – If competitive advantage has been achieved, cash cows have high profit margins and generate a lot of cash flow. – Because of the low growth, promotion and placement investments are low. – Investments into supporting infrastructure can improve efficiency and increase cash flow more. Cash cows are the products that businesses strive for. BCG DOGS  (low growth, low market share) – Dogs are in low growth markets and have low market share. – Dogs should be avoided and minimized. – Expensive turn-around plans usually do not help. And now, let's put all this into a picture: [pic] Are there any problems with the BCG matrix model? Some limitations of the  BCG matrix model include: †¢ The first problem can be how we define market and how we get data about market share †¢ A high market share does not necessarily lead to profitability at all times The model employs only two dimensions – market share and product or service growth rate †¢ Low share or niche businesses can be profitable too (some Dogs can be more profitable than cash Cows) †¢ The model does not reflect growth rates of the overall market †¢ The model neglects the effects of synergy between business units †¢ Market growth is not the only indicator for attractiveness of a market †¢ There are probably even more aspects that need to be considered in a particular use of the BCG model. †¢ Where can I find more information about the BCG matrix model?What is the next level of strategic management analysis? The  BCG matrix can help to find a strategy. But, what if we have 2-3 strategies and need to decide which one is the best one? The Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM)  model can be used to compare strategic alternatives. I have questions about the BCG matrix In case you have any questions about the  BCG matrix, you might want to submit them at our  management discussion forum. You might also be interested in reading about the  Balanced Scorecardmodel and about the  Porter's Five Forces  model.Marketing Mix of Indian premier league [pic] INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) – The Indian premier league has taken the cricketing world by storm. It has also got its marketing mix spot on. Read on to discover the perfection in the marketing mix of Indian Premier League Product INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) stands for Indian Premier League. It is a Twenty20 tourna ment started by BCCI. It is the brainchild of Lalit Modi. It started in the year 2008 and comprises the players from all over the world. A perfect blend of cricket & entertainment.It’s providing a stage for many youngsters to show their performance & profitable too to Advertisers and broadcasting channels. Price As far as the INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL)  pricing  structure is concern, The INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) is predicted to bring the BCCI income of approximately US$ 1. 6 billion, over a period of five to ten years. All of these revenues are directed to a central pool, 40% of which will go to INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) itself, 54% to franchisees and 6% as prize money.The money will be distributed in these proportions until 2017, after which the share of INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) will be 50%, franchisees 45% and prize money 5%. The INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) signed up Kingfisher Airlines as the official umpire partner for the series in an Rs. 106 Crore’s (1. 06 billion) deal. This deal sees the Kingfisher Airlines brand on all umpires’ uniforms & also on the giant screens during third umpire decisions. Sony Entertainment Television signed a new contract with BCCI with Sony Entertainment Television paying a staggering Rs. 8700 Crore’s (87 billion) for 10 years.Place The first season of the Indian Premier League commenced on 18 April 2008 in India, and ended on 1 June 2008 with the victory of the Rajasthan Royals against Chennai Super Kings in the final at the DY Patil Stadium, Navi Mumbai. As the second season of the INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) coincided with multi-phase 2009 Indian general elections, the Indian Central Government refused to provide the Indian paramilitary forces to provide security, saying the forces would be stretched too thinly if they were to safeguard both the INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) and the elections.As a result, the BCCI decided to host the second season of the league outside India. All 59 ma tches of the second season, abbreviated as INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) 2, took place in South Africa. Ironically, South Africa were also scheduled to have elections doing the INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL), however, the South African government provided adequate security for both the South African General Elections and the INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL). Promotion When Bollywood and cricket met, the result was INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) and it was truly entertaining to see one’s favorite cricketer as well the Bollywood star on the same platform.INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) was no doubt an entertaining one. Super stars like Shah Rukh, Preity, Akshay, Katrina, Hrithik had been a source which provided a lot of glam to INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) promotion. To attract the cricket fans, even team-owners have started selling tickets personally. Preity Zinta, the co-owner of Kings XI Punjab and Australian pace man Brett Lee sold the tickets along with their autographs. People Indian Premi er League is mostly targeted for the younger generation youth.As the generations are very busy with their day to day work with INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) they get entertainment along with cricket which helps them to enjoy every aspect of the game. People are very excited towards INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) as this is only one game that brings different players of different countries at one platform, for which they tend to get attracted to see their favorite player perform. Some of the audiences are also attracted to see their favorite celebrity cheering for the team. Process Indian Premier League as a whole is the biggest event of the year for which months of preparation are to be done.For instance organizing the respective 8 teams who are performing for the event and the most important of all is marketing the INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) as it has to reach the wide range of audience globally. An arrangement of stadium where this event is going to be held is also finalized well befo re. Finally and most important of all is execution of the Event. Physical Evidence Fun, Music, Entertainment & sports, where can you find that, answer for that is INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE. People wait for this season as they get everything in a joyful bundle.INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) is also the biggest platform for advertising and promoting different product or brands which is clearly viewable during the event. 1) Franchisees were auctioned 2) Auctioning the players participating in the INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) tournament 3) TV, radio channels, complete digital and print media has been used for advertisement. 4) Cheerleaders were one of the most important things that is talked about, they attracted huge crowd. 5) It was telecasted worldwide. 6) Locations: the venue chosen for the cricket matches was a strategic choice .This places which are named after franchisees, which helped attract people. 7) Conflicts with some media partners and some cricket boards again demanded the attent ion of people. 8) Timing: INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) has shown its strategic application of intellect by choosing the evening time for the matches, which made people watch game comfortably. 9) ICL: the rival ICL had been one of the reasons for the publicity and emergence of INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL). People started comparing the INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) & ICL that caused the huge publicity for the INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) 0) Opening ceremony was one of the most amazing experience. 11) Live concerts: 12) Franchises taken by film stars like Shahrukh Khan, Pretty Zinta etc are the center for attraction, which made Bollywood stars come for the game. 13) Bollywood stars were used for anchoring and promotion of teams. For example Akshay Kumar for Delhi daredevils, Shahrukh khan for kolkata knight riders. 14) Special phrases were used made the sponsors pay more for example: for every six it was a DLF Maximum, for every special moment it was city moment of success.INDIAN PREMIER LE AGUE (IPL) ready for a 160 crore Marketing Blitz ADVERTISEMENT FOR INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) [pic] The fourth edition of  Indian Premier League  (INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL)) has a number of brands trying to squeeze the most out of the cricketing extravaganza. Consumers will see numerous campaigns and product launches by many corporate giants during the 50-day tournament that kicked off in Chennai on Friday. The main sponsors on Set Max, the official broadcaster of the INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL)-4, are said to be spending a fortune to push visibility among the bunch of advertisers.The rates are said to have touched Rs 30 to Rs 40 crore per advertiser for each sponsorship deal, while new comers wanting to associate with the tournament are said to be spending 25-30 per cent more. The broadcaster announced that it has increased the ad rates by 20 per cent this year. According to an industry source, a month back the price for a 10-second slot was Rs 6 lakh. Last year, the broadca ster had started selling its initial inventory to advertisers for Rs 5 lakh for a 10-second spot. The channel is said to have earned around Rs 300 crore from INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL)'s first edition and around Rs 500 crore from the second.Media experts cite these as the peak months, which explain the huge number of promotions. The official broadcaster has sold a majority of its advertising inventory. Set Max holds 10 years exclusive rights for the tournament since it started in 2008. There will be hordes of advertisements and various new campaigns from different corporate giants for the INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL)-4 that comes on the heels of the hugely successful ICC World Cup. â€Å"We are the on-air sponsors for INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL)-4 (mobile side).We will be heavy on advertisements and there will be various new launches in the air conditioners and mobile segments during the period,† said Ruchika Batra, general manager for southwest Asia, Samsung. â€Å"INDIAN P REMIER LEAGUE (IPL) has the whole family as an audience, which has a good impact with the prime time dominance. The advertisers will definitely get the best return. Our inventory is more-or-less sold,† said Punitha Arumugam, group chief executive officer, Madison Media. Madison's major clients who are spending for the INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) include Godrej and Cadbury. Godrej has announced a nation-wide mass multi- category loyalty programme – the Godrej Power Play, probably the largest from the group so far since it started its brand re-building three years ago,† said Ashutosh Tiwari, executive vice president, strategic marketing, Godrej. The group will launch new products in the appliances and hair colour categories during INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL)-4. Godrej Power Play will allow consumers to participate in the INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) by creating their own cricket teams, exchanging players and winning prizes during the tournament.Other brands like Onid a, too, have their plans laid out, though they prefer to play it safe. â€Å"INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) has become an important tournament now. Film releases are also postponed during this time of the year. So, it is difficult to be completely out of INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL). We won't be spending heavily, but yes will be visible during the period and focus more on the AC category,† said K. Sriram, vice president, sales and marketing, Onida. Companies have also come up with INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) specials. Recently, German automobile giant Volkswagen unveiled a special INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) edition of the Vento.Volkswagen is the exclusive automotive partner for both INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL)-4 and the next season of INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL). According to media planners, the Internet will also be a major platform. Advertisers have become active and surely do not want to miss a single opportunity to connect with the net savvy consumers. MERCHANDISE FOR INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) †¢ Service †¢ About Us †¢ eBay Education †¢ Our Blog †¢ Contact Us Indian Premier League Merchandise [pic] How iStreet used eCommerce platform effectively to sell INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) merchandisesINDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) and eBay Connection INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) or Indian Premier League has become one of the most watched and most entertaining events in India and across the globe too. The Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) started it in the year 2008 with eight teams; since then, it has become more fascinating, exciting, and entertaining mega event for cricket viewers all around the world. Observing the love and franticness for this mega event, eBay India came up with an initiative to offer a unique opportunity for die-hard cricket fans.They partnered with several branded apparel companies, so that cricket fans all across the world can access INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) merchandise of all eight teams (Kings XI P unjab, Kolkata Knight Riders, Royal Challengers Bangalore, Chennai Super Kings, Delhi Daredevils, Mumbai Indians, Deccan Chargers and Rajasthan Royals) at a click of a button. INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) merchandise on offer were T-shirts, jerseys, caps, backpacks, footwear, key chains, collectibles, cheering sticks, wrist bands, and many more. How iStreetacted as a lynchpin to sell INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) merchandises?We, at iStreet, offer a complete eCommerce solution – right from managing inventory to imaging the products to managing product listings to shipping of products to customer service – to take away the complexities associatedwith eBay selling. In other words, we use smart and effective tools to help merchants and businesses to make the optimum use of the eCommerce platform. More importantly, we help merchants and businesses to streamline their work process related to online buying and selling activities through our expertise in eCommerce domain.Above a ll, all these help to bridge the gap of reaching attractive online marketplace like eBay, and to provide total solution to build business at eBay. How we pulled it off? We, at iStreet, realized catering to the wide interests of online shoppers, who are die- hard cricket fans, and meeting the challenge to assist eBay India in its operations was a difficult but exciting task. However being accoutered with the required resources and a vast experience of selling thousands of products online, we successfully managed to assist eBay in selling most INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) merchandises.This was done through product image management, catalogue pricing, listing management, and fulfillment. More importantly, key performance metrics were used in the entire process right from market assessment to implementation to achieve the desired result. Thus with its unique strategy, and smart brand and channel management, we havemade it a habit to accept newer challenges to set new milestones. FAN CLUB FOR INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) [pic] mig33 has tied up with five Indian Premier League (INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL)) teams and launched dedicated mobile fan clubs for each of them.The teams are Kings XI Punjab, Chennai Super Kings, Delhi Daredevils, Royal Challengers and Deccan Chargers. With this initiative, mig33 will help teams connect with their fan base in India and abroad through their handsets. The service would enable free; access to chat rooms, instant messaging, profiles, news and photo sharing, updates and gossip are easy to navigate once downloaded. High on cricket fever Besides sponsoring Kolkata Knight Riders (KKR), Sprite has rolled out a new communication initiative for the INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL), 2009.As part of brand’s 360- degree plans, Shah Rukh Khan, Bollywood superstar and owner KKR, Saurav Ganguly, captain, KKR, and some other members of the team including Murali Karthik and Ajit Agarkar would feature in the new campaign. The campaign links Sprit e with KKR’s no-nonsense, cut-through, competitive spirit with the tag line, â€Å"Korbo, Lorbo, Jeetbo Re† Shopping mania HomeShop18, the country’s first 24-hour home shopping channel from the Network18 Group, has launched a nationwide promotion, Sabki Jeet Pakki, to mark its one-year in business.The anniversary bash will feature a lucky draw where a customer who purchases from the HomeShop18 TV channel during the promotion period will be eligible to win exciting prizes. In addition, there are assured gift certificates worth Rs 500. It needs to be mentioned that within a year of its launch, HomeShop18 has arranged an impressive array of over 20,000 products, and boasts of a footprint in over 2,400 cities with over 25% repeat customers ARTICLE ON INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) YOUNGISTAN [pic] By Divya Gururaj Managing Director, MediaCom â€Å"Sports are a great window on the society† -David Halberstam, Pultizer Prize-winning author/journalistWhich brings us to our biggest sports hoopla in India – INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL). On the back of millions of dollars, sinful player bids, unparalleled press coverage, star quotient, imported cheerleaders, was launched the INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) spectacle. The television ratings are big, the stadiums are packed to capacity, the team anthems jam radio airwaves & INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) is suddenly the biggest thing to hit India. So, does the INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) success reflect a changing India, or is it just fantastic marketing? Possibly, a bit of both.The INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) capitalises on & mirrors some emerging consumer trends & therein lies its success. n India Shining: It's now India's moment of glory & that's what our GenX believes & wants. India bidding for the world's best players, Indians captaining global stalwarts – INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) is an Indian takeover of cricket. Whatever the outcome of INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) final, it will stil l be an India win. Unlike the often stressful moments leading to disappointing outcomes of our national team versus another country, INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) is a total win-win for India.The Best The World Has To Offer: Unlike their parents, today's Indians are familiar with the world's best & latest. And they will not settle for less. INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) is just that. The best players from across the world, the cheerleaders flown in, the best brands offering customised merchandise, stadiums all spruced up, McD burgers & CCD coffee on the stands. Even the spiffy, MI3 looking, walkie-talkie toting, security guards at the stadiums are so different from the portly & bored policewallahs who would earlier herd crowds.Watching an INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) match live is actually a world-class experience (if you just ignore the parking hassles). Metros Going Global: Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata are no longer about the Ghats, the Madrasis & the Bongs. The IT & ITeS boom has made our metros into multicultural, multilanguage, multiethnic, melting pots, with enough Gora presence. The INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) teams reflect just that. Homogeneous yet heterogeneous. Saurabh Tiwari, Manish Pandey & Harbhajan's being on the Mumbai Indians team will be giving sleepless nights to Raj Thackery & his MNS.But that's what our cities are today & that's what we have come to accept. Fast & Furious: Time is at premium & patience a forgotten virtue. For a young India, INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) is instant gratification. Three hours of excitement & fast-paced action. Unlike other sports, in T20 there is some scoring every minute of the game. And when there is a break in the game, the cheerleaders ensure that the crowds remain titillated & the adrenaline continues to flow. Pretty much the 2 minute-noodles-with-added-masala formula. Its time has finally come. Page 3 Is The Way To Be: In a country obsessed with Bollywood & cricket,INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) has just the right m ix. The star quotient in sports has never been so high. Our Bollywood team owners along with their glitterati friends have widened INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) from sports page to Page 3. There is something in it from everyone – from the crazy cricket addict, to his SRK obsessed girl-friend – INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) covers it all. The glitzy team uniforms (how can we ignore the gold & silver pads), the Hollywood inspired team names & of course, the Washington Redskins have caught a nation's imagination.In fact, cheerleading is all set to debut as the latest career option for the young, swinging Indian. Show Me The Money: Money & opulence rule. Our youngistan is obsessed by big money, bigger salaries, side money at the BPO, quick bucks on the Stock Exchange. To have is great, to have not is a non-option. INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) is the mother of big money. 160 players have been paid, unheard-of-dreamt-of money. And that is a big draw– we are hooked to guys with big money. Remember Harshvardhan Nawathe, the first KBC winner & how his winning episode doubled the already huge KBC ratings?Desperately Seeking Entertainment: Couch potatoes we no longer are. But so far, apart from the saas-bahu sagas, entertainment was limited to shopping, eating & cinema. INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) is a great new hangout, evident by the stands packed mostly with young males 15-25 years, SEC AB, having the time of their lives. The festive atmosphere created by the cheerleaders, speakers blaring the team anthems & Bollywood songs, all add to the picnic. But clearly, Indians are starved for some out-of-home entertainment. Media Maketh The Man: Our Indian idols are all created by media.Be it a Khali who emerged out of nowhere, a Prince who fell in a well, or Bhajji-Sree whose slapping is still hogging airtime. INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) has provided media with all the big bucks, glamour & the sleaze which makes for great PR coverage. And the 25% increased rat ings of the news channels are also reflective of an India which is lapping up sleaze, gossip & tabloid journalism. Ready For Change: At home also, the shenanigans on-field, be it the cheery cheerleaders or the bad Bhajji, are a welcome relief for soap fatigued families, evident by the high TRPs of INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) & the falling fortunes of daily soaps.INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) offered a whole new experience & India was ready to give it a try. Of course, since most of India is a single-TV home, it also shows that, finally, the males have got hold of the remote. Changed But Rooted: Comparing INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) & our recent debacles in hockey. Hockey through the years has remained as it was. Cricket has evolved – from tests to ODIs to 20-20s & now to league. Yet, there is heritage, tradition & familiarity. Our great grandparents played cricket & went to watch test matches (all five days of it).INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) is not a complete break from the pas t, yet its keeps pace with changing times. Whether the Ambanis or the Mallayas are able to milk this, their latest cow, remains to be seen. But what they & Lalit Modi have created, perhaps truly represents the pulse of a nation. And a summer to remember. Cheer Leaders For INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) [pic] INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) for more publicity got INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) Cheer Leaders †¦ Got great advantage but went thru a lot of difficulty and negative publicity too Article with the worst publicity by Times Of India – May 11, 2011,INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) cheerleader Gabriella Pasqualotto thrown out for blogging on flirtatious players Zee news â€Å"Cheerleaders in INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) like walking porn† WWW. SIFY. COM INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) cheerleader sacked for naming ‘naughty' players http://blogs. wsj. com – Mumbai Indians Cheerleader Sacked for ‘Secret’ Diary KEY FEATURES OF INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) [p ic] The INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) or Indian Premier League is a 20-20 format cricket tournament. This league was formed by the Board of Cricket Control of India (BCCI) and sanctioned by the International Cricket Committee (ICC) INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) has been conceived on the lines of the English premier league and NBA, where local teams with a defined fan base play against each other ? INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) has eight teams sold to franchises for perpetuity. These franchises can run the league in their individual styles and can raise resources from the primary market. ? SONY-WSG has bagged broadcasting rights for 10 years for US$918mn, excluding marketing for US$108mn ? The franchise amount collected is US$724mn, with each of the clubs being sold for US$67-112mn, depending on the city. A total of 59 matches were playedBROADCASTING RIGHT [pic] †¢ TELEVISION RIGHTS: The BCCI created history when it sold television rights to Sony–World Sports consortium for US$ 1. 02bn †¢ TITLE SPONSERS: On February 13 2008, Indian real estate developer DLF Universal secured exclusive rights to the INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) title sponsorship worth Rs 200 crore (over $50 million) for five years. Indian Premier League Vs. Indian Cricket League VS [pic] Difference between INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) and ICL Unlike the Indian Cricket League (ICL), the INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) is an official sanctioned Twenty20 tournament.Owing to its recognition by the International Cricket Council (ICC), it will enjoy a better status and international reach. Also each team has individual owners. Television Rights On January 14, 2008, it was announced that a consortium consisting of India's Sony Television network and Singapore-based World Sports Group secured the rights of the Indian Premier League. The record deal is for ten years at a cost of US$1. 026 billion. As part of the deal, the consortium will pay the BCCI US$918 million for the telecast rights and US$108 million for the promotion of the tournament.The BCCI announced that the bulk of the profit from this deal would initially go to the INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) franchises themselves, gradually reducing this amount over the duration of the contract. Network Ten has purchased the rights to show every game live in Australia on free-to-air television for the next five years at a cost of AU$10 – $15 million. Title Sponsorship Rights Indian real estate developer DLF Universal secured exclusive rights to the Indian Premier League title sponsorship worth INR 200 crore (over US$50 million) for five years. FranchisesThe magnitude of the Indian Premier League was confirmed when the winning bidders for the eight franchises were announced on January 24, 2008. While the total base price for auction was US$400 million, the auction fetched US$723. 59 million. The official list of franchise owners announced and the winning bids were as follows. Franchise owner and price paid Bangalore  œ Vijay Mallya/UB group – USD 111. 6 million Chennai Super Kings – India Cements – USD 91 million Delhi DareDevils – GMR group – USD 84 million Hyderabad – Deccan Chronicle – USD 107 millionJaipur – Emerging Media (Manoj Badale, Lachlan Murdoch, Suresh Chellaram and investors) – USD 67 million Kolkata – Shah Rukh Khan's Red Chillies Entertainment in partnership with Juhi Chawla and Jay Mehta – USD 75. 09 million Mohali – Preity Zinta, Ness Wadia (Bombay Dyeing), Karan Paul (Apeejay Surendera Group) and Dabur's Mohit Burman – USD 76 million Mumbai – Mumbai Mukesh Ambani's Reliance Industries Limited – USD 111. 9 million. Entertainment industry is treated as the most prominent and emerging industry in the whole world. It is growing at rate faster than any other industry in the world even in this time of recession.Indian premier league has opened the doors to the next big media move ment. India is one of the fast growing markets in the world and INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) and ICL has provided it with another media explosion. The current estimate of Indian entertainment and media industry are at INR 353bn ($8. 2bn). It is estimated to grow at a rate of 19 percent for the next five years. REVIEW INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) and ICL are two products that was able to create an impact in the marketing industry by providing services to an industry which was very hungry for products like that.Both this products created a value by offering the best entertainment possible. The definitions provided by Kotler proves right in case of this products. â€Å"Marketing is a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they want and need through creating, offering and exchange products of value with others† -(Kotler,1991). Marketing is the most important factor for any industry. There are different ways in which different industry uses the mar keting strategy for the effectiveness of their success.Marketing is a very wide concept it starts when we think of product, then we plan, and then create the product and finally we sell the product. It uses different strategies to accrue competitive edge in the market( Porter’s,1997). This strategies are widely used in this report to understand the different kinds of approaches this companies have adopted to target the customers. SWOT and PEST analysis is used in the report to understand the macro forces that are currently active in the industry. Kotler’s and Porter’s analysis is used throughout the report to understand the marketing mix, marketing strategies and macro forces.INDIAN PRIMIER LEAGUE: THE NEXT GENERATION OF CRICKET INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) is expected to earn 2 billion dollars to BCCI (Board of cricket control board of India in the next 5 years. INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) had bring a revenue of 1200crore rupees in the first year more than doubl e the entire sports budget of India of 490crore rupees. INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) is considered as recession proof. Because of General elections in India INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) had to move to South Africa as the Government of India was unable to provide security for the event.In 2008 Set Max channel’s (SONY Entertainment) revenue market share has raised from a pre-INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) level of 5. 7% to 28. 8%, says the report. Its share of prime time has gone up to 29%, higher than the cumulative market share of the top nine Hindi general entertainment channels. From next year, Sony is projected to gross about Rs 650crore in advertising revenue for about 45 days of INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL), which would be 7% of the entire estimated TV ad revenue of around Rs 9,000crore for the whole year. (http://Indian Premier League (IPL). timesofindia. indiatimes. com/articleshow/msid-3084001,prtpage-1. ms) OPENING DOORS TO THE BIGGEST MEDIA MOVEMENT [pic] ? Indian premier league created a new era of marketing sports in India. In this report I have tried to sort the similarities and difference it has with Indian cricket league. ? INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) is a US2bn property , it is attempt to sell cricket as a reality show ? Like England it has successfully promoted club culture in India for the first time. ? INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) provides a new entertainment genre which cut across borders. ? It is used as a means to promote some brands (UB group) and some consider it as an investment(e. . India cements). ? First edition of INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) has earned 1200crore profit that is double the amount Indian government spends for its entire sports budget. ? The market value of the teams has grown more than 300 percent this year. ? It is a concept sell. ? The main sponsor of INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) is DLF Teams, players and every small aspect related to INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) has become an INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) product INDIA N CRICKET LEAGUE (ICL)- THE UNDER DOG [pic] ICL or India cricket league is a parallel private cricket league runs with INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL).It has got both versions of cricket that is 50 over and 20 over format of the game even though more emphasis is given to the 20-20 format. When started INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) consisted of 6 teams then by 2008 it has been increased to 8 and then in the second half of the year by 9. Board of cricket control of India considers ICL as unauthorised league and it has barred ICL players from taking part in any tournament hosted by ICC or BCCI. Indian cricket league still has its share of audience. It has got international players from almost all the cricket playing nations.It is headed by one of the legends of Indian cricket Mr. Kapildev, former captain of world cup winning team of India. ICL has got players like Brain Lara, who is considered as one among the top 3 players the world has ever produced. ? ICL is launched by Subhash Chandra in May 2007. ICL is a unique concept in cricket after Zee was not able to secure rights of the World Cup 2011. ? Subhash Chandra owns ICL unlike the eight teams in INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) owned by different franchises. ? ICL has more than 200 players with 9 teams in total. ? ICL investment is more than 1billion dollars in total. ICL has three event televised in a year compared to INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) which only have one. ? ICL has faced problems in finding grounds. ? It has generated revenue of 750 million in the first 3 years. BROADCASTING RIGHT First season of ICL was played in only one venue. The second season was more successful as ICL was able to secure three venues for 24 matches. ICL was able to telecast matches on Zee Sports and Ten Sports. Other telecasters include Geo Super in Pakistan, Astro & Telkom Malaysia, Starhub in Singapore, Showtime Arabia in Middle-East, Zee Sports in USA & Canada and Zee Cinema in United Kingdom & Europe.Global rights have been sold for US$10mn. TITLE SPONSERS: Edelweiss was the title sponsor with Rs150mn (for ten years) OTHER SPONSERS: JVC, Aircel, Vodafone and Intel were associate sponsors MARKETING MIX INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) 1. The production of INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) as a service product is exemplified by the mere volume of the production of revenue from every aspect of the game. 2. Teams, players and every small aspect related to INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) has become an INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) product. 3.Factors like material management for stadiums, players, Facilities arrangement for players, spectators, Guests, etc transportation management and allied activities require a proper management and BCCI has made all possible efforts to provide with the best facilities to everyone from spectators to players and third parties involved 4. One of the leading products in the segment. ICL Both INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) and ICL are having similar product. What ICL has is that, apart from the 20-20 mat ch up, ICL has also planned to introduce 50 over match by 2010. Other than that both INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) and ICL have similar products.INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) 1. The venue chosen for the cricket matches was a strategic choice of places which are named after franchisees, which helped attract people. ICL 1. In first phase ICL they only had one stadium. Now it has 3 stadiums in India, to an extend it was a barrier in attracting crowd from various places. INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) 1. Follows a policy of price leadership strategy. 2. It also uses premium pricing strategy. 3. Gate revenues in INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) are largely dependent on stadium capacity and purchasing power of city. They are expected to vary between Rs200-Rs5, 000 premium seating. 0% of tickets will go to INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL). Internationally, most of these teams own stadiums ICL 1. Penetration pricing 1. Uses all medium of advertisement it includes TV, newspaper, internet, billboards etc. 2. It follows the princIndian Premier League (IPL)e of controversy marketing. Marketing controversy either way, the end result is unparalleled coverage; residual awareness of your product, which later most definitely translates into brand recall, and even sales. 3. Live concerts. 4. Uses film stars like Sharuk khan, Akhsay Kumar etc for promotion. 5. Grant opening ceremony. 6. Worldwide telecast. MARKETING ENVIRONMENTThere are several actors and forces present in the industry that determine the fate of the product, INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) and ICL is no exception to this. We can classify those macro forces mainly into 6 groups 1. Demographic environment 2. Physical environment 3. Economic environment 4. Technological environment 5. Socio-cultural environment 6. Political and legal environment (Marketing management 12th edition(12e) by kotler and keller page numer-27) I have used two variables in SWOT analysis to understand the macro environment that is OPPUTUNITIES and TREATS and to understand the micro environment STREGTH and WEAKNESS is used.SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTH ? INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) is based on the 20-20 format of cricket which would be completed within 3 hours. It is fast-paced and exciting, and more over it can be played in weekend or weekend afternoons. That makes it appealing like American football, basketball and soccer. It will appeal both to TV audience and as a spectator sport. ? INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) structure is such that all the aspects works in great balance to maximise the profit. ? India is cricket crazy nation so it is easy to promote the products like INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) and ICL. WEAKNESS 20-20 has become so popular that it can damage the other forms of cricket that is 50 over game and test cricket. ? There is always a distance from fans as it is difficult for everyone to get into the ground to see the matches. ? It is very difficult for sports and business to go together, business needs quick results but in a team sp ort it might time gel a group together. If management and team are two levels it creates problems for the players. OPPURTUNITIES ? INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) is very attractive as a marketing communication opportunity since it has a large potential mass audience, especially for advertisers and sponsors. If the franchisees are able to generate a large fan base then it will be able to generate a large TV revenue ? Fan are of different types so there will be more corporate hospitality, season tickets, away tickets, TV pay-per-view and other ways to segment the markets for INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) ? Opportunity for merchandising is very huge e. g. sales of shirts, credit cards and other fan memorabilia. Grounds can also sell refreshments and other services during the game. ? This version helps to gain more youngsters to game and this will create a long term fan base for the frachesies.Their parents and older cricket fans may still prefer older forms of cricket. Youth market will als o force the other to buy the product as status symbol. ? India has traditionally high inflation rate but the franchise has to pay only a fixed rate still 2017-18 means the investment is safe. THREATS ? Revenue will be more for highly supported team not for the highly priced team. ? Franchises are highly expensive. The most expensive team was brought by mukesh ambani for $111. 9million and the lowest Rajasthan royal for $67million. If the fan basis does not generate enough income then it will be difficult to pay the salaries for the players. ? If the best invested players don’t play well then you may not see the return on investment. ? The return on investment will have to for the long term as we cannot expect fast returns from all quarters quickly. ? It is the responsibility of the board of cricket control board of India to keep the level of competition with the other boards. It is the responsibility of the board to attract the top names of cricket to India. To understand mac ro forces in detail PEST analysis is used. PEST ANALSISPOLITICAL FACTORS ? Government of India was unable to provide security for the 20-20 tournament so it had to move to South Africa with immediate effect. ? Terrorism and political instability still remains a problem in India. ECONOMIC FACTORS ? Indian economy is facing deflation (. 12) so the investment in short term is not a safer option. ? Recession in world economy is another major issue so the purchasing power of the customer is considerably week ? INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL)’s second edition had to move to South Africa it will cause a minimum loss of 250 crore rupees for the government of India in the form of taxes. As the stadiums in South Africa are comparatively smaller than India, it will cause the franchisees to loss another 50 crore rupees. ? Still Indian economy is growing at a faster rate than any other country except China and cricket is the life blood of almost every Indian. ? INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) is expected to bring BCCI 4500 crores in the next 10years. SOCIAL FACTORS ? India is a cricket crazy nation so the promotion of cricket is not at all an issue for the franchisees. ? 20-20 cricket is able to attract the young population of India. TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS Cable television is still not available to large population of India. LIKELY EFFECTS ON THE INDUSTRY IN NEXT 12 MONTHS India is expected to grow at rate of 7 percent. Cricket has got a large fan base in India and it the only one industry in India expected outperform the effects of recession. Recent biding for player is an example for this effect. If the government of India can provide enough security then cricket will bring enough money for the economy. At the beginning of 2010 INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) will have 4 more teams that mean more money in the economy and growth in the sector is bound to increase.All the INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) franchisees will earn profit from this year as already 3 teams were able to gene rate profit in the first year itself. INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) from this year onwards will have a new market also in the form of South Africa. This will increase the viewership and it will also make International cricket council to find specific time slot for INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL). TV revenues is expected to grow as INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) governing body has decided to have another brake of 5 minutes in between . RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Extensive research was carried out for the successful completion of this project.Both primary and secondary data were collected from various Sources. PRIMARY DATA: The main data was collected from the zonal office of INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) situated in Mumbai. An email which contains the typical details and strategies was received as feedback. The Marketing wing of both INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) & ICL was contacted for preparing this assignment. Due to expense factor, communication was mostly done via email. The marketing department g ave relevant information about the data. SECONDARY DATA: The secondary data in this study is collected from various magazines, Newspapers and Websites.Analysis and others parts are done on the basis of these secondary data and knowledge collected from the marketing lectures. LIMITATIONS My study is based on Primary data collected was only through phone and e-mail. The data from the primary source was very limited and it does not give the real picture of the Indian Entertainment Industry. The transparency of the data that is available is not entirely trustworthy. The net worth worth of the entertainment industry and the actual worth is not always the same. The time scale for studying the entire assignment was short. Such a vast case cannot be studied in a short span.There was also geographical constrains in collecting the data. Another important limitation was the communication gap. The only ways possible which could be effectively utilised were the telephone and e-mails. But these t ook lot of time as this entertainment industry is so scheduled. DISCUSSION INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) Commissioner Lalit Modi is confident that recession will have no impact on the tournament. He told CNN-IBN on 5th February that â€Å"the glitzy Twenty20 league is virtually recession proof† Lot of experts also believe that INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) is one industry that will do well even in this time of recession.This research tries to bring out the after-effects’ of such a system and its influence in various segments of people. My own analysis also prove that the above statement is true because the valuation of one of the teams of INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) that is Rajasthan Royals has gone upto 3733 percent appreciation in its share value. This fact shows that there is a growing interest in this product. (http://Indian Premier League (IPL)cricket4u. com/2009/02/05/long-term-contracts-make-Indian Premier League (IPL)-recession-proof-modi) One of the hot debate abo ut the form of cricket is that 20-20 format kills Test cricket .As per Rahul Dravid one of the most successful Indian cricketer â€Å"T20 is unique and lot of young Indian players are excelling in this format. Whether they can take this confidence to the next level is debatable. It’s not going to be easy and the skills with which you achieve success in T20 may not help you give you success in Ranji and Tests† But the continuous success of Indian cricket in all forms of cricket in the last 2 years proves that this analysis of Rahul proved to be wrong. The confidence these youngsters have gained from 20-20 proved to useful in the other forms of cricket also. http://www. Indian Premier League (IPL)cricketlive. om/Indian Premier League (IPL)/indian-premier-league-quotes CONCLUTION INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL)’s ability to sustain and grow its popularity in the long-term depends on the ability of individual franchises to break out and become large media properties on their own. Franchisees may also have to increase their marketing and promotional spends to effectively monetise their fan base and build brands out of their respective teams. Apart from finding more team sponsors, franchisees may try to increase the mix of premium seating in their home stadiums. At the moment a bit might be  too  different if we look INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) and ICL.In  the recent  format  advantage  can  be  taken  by  organising   matches  between   this  two winners that is more matches can be played between the two leagues. In the coming year more innovation is expected we might be able to see 10-10 or a 5-5 over format of cricket. Recession VS INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) Modi said INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) will not be hit by INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) but unfortunately it did – by article on http://cricketnext. in. com/news/recession-wont-hit-Indian Premier League (IPL)-auction-modi/37855-14. html And http://www. Indian Premier League (IPL)ticket. om/2009/01/Indian Premier League (IPL)-season-2-recession-hits-Indian Premier League (IPL). html CRICKETNEXT – With big names such as Pietersen and Flintoff, the second INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) auction in Goa next week will be eagerly watched. INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL) chairman Lalit Modi tells CNN-IBN that he expects the auction to generate quite a buzz despite the economic recession INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL)TICKET – The year  2007-08 saw sackings like never before in the world of cricket. From  coachesto CEOs and  officials  of all kinds, almost  everybody  was shown the door for reasons notpertaining  to performance alone.The year  2008-09  promises  to be a  little different. The year  2008-09  promises  to be a  little different. This year, it won't just be  coachesand  officials  getting  the pink slips; even cricketers will get them. At least three  franchisees  of the  Indian Premier League  (INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL)) have already taken thenecessary  steps to downsize their teams. The marching orders are likely to be served at the junior level. While Mumbai Indians plan to bring down their 27-member contingent to 18, teams like Deccan Chargers and Delhi Daredevils are planning similar moves. . So what has triggered the move? Recession?Not really if the  franchisees  are to be believed. Simply put they have grown wiser in the second year. â€Å"Last year, we were very new to the concept and it all happened so fast. But this year onwards, expect most of the teams to work on a target-based princIndian Premier League (IPL)e. They know exactly what they're going to be eyeing for or in terms of cricket, what their team composition is going to be during the two-month period,† says a franchise official. Chargers have given Adam Gilchrist and Darren Lehmann, captain and coach respectively, the entire responsibility of manning team  requirements.Of co urse, as one Chargers official suggests, this has come with a rider to get rid of all extra costs. â€Å"In general, most  franchisees  now have a better idea of a core group functioning. Similarly, the captain, coach and senior players have a good understanding of the kind of team required. We're going to stick to that,† he says. Other than the under-19 players (two per franchise), bought on a three-year contract during the 2008 auctions after India won the World Cup in Malaysia, most of the fringe players, picked from the domestic circuit, will in all likelihood be dumped.Mumbai Indians are tight-lipped for now, waiting for Sachin Tendulkar to give his nod, before the axe is wielded. â€Å"It's going  to be a  common affair with the economic scenario so depressing. It won't be the case with Mumbai alone,† says an official involved closely with the Mumbai cricket. EXCESS BAGGAGE At least three INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL)  franchisees  have already taken th e  necessary  steps to downsize their teams. The marching orders are likely to be served at the junior level, most of them being fringe players. Mumbai Indians plan to bring down 27-member contingent to 18; waiting for Tendulkar's nod.Teams like Deccan Chargers and Delhi Daredevils are planning similar moves. The reason? Teams want to work on target-based princIndian Premier League (IPL)e. INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL)  A  GAME  OR  BUSINESS TV,Internet,Newspapers Everymedium is flooding with DLF INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL),a privateevent; that above all,explains the successof Indian Premier League. For a privateevent ,entire media is fighting to give freeof cost coverage! Strange ,but  Interesting! So what marketing and branding strategyhas worked in favour of INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL)?Charm Of INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE (IPL): †¢ Mega Event †¢ To keep it focused in 20 overs †¢ It structured teams around states †¢ By following a well tried  internatio nalmodel of clubs and player auctions †¢ Media hype †¢ Board of Cricket Control in India †¢ Shah Rukh Khan, Preity Zinta and ShilpaShetty Cost of teams: †¢ Rajasthan  Royal  $67mn †¢ Kolkata  Knight  Riders  $75. 09mn †¢ Delhi  Daredevils  $84mn †¢ Kings  XI  Punjab  $76mn †¢ Royals Challengers Bangalore $111. 6mn †¢ Hyderabad  Deccan  Charges  $107 †¢ Chennai  Superkings  $91mn †¢ Mumbai  Indians  $111. 9mn Sahara  Pune  Warriors  $370mn †¢ 10 Kochi $333. 33mn Valuation 1. Rajasthan Royal $45. 2mn 2. Kolkata Knight Riders $46mn 3. Delhi Daredevils $40. 5mn 4. Kings XI Punjab $36. 1mn 5. Royals Challengers Bangalore $41. 9mn 6. Hyderabad Deccan Charges $34. 4 7. Chennai Super kings $48. 8mn 8. Mumbai Indians $40. 8mn Team composition rules are: Sponsorship: A deal with beer and airline conglomerate Kingfisher at $26. 5-million [pic] So where is the money coming from†¦ Media Right |Central revenue |Money raised by franchise |Franchise Bid Money | |$1billion for 10yrs |Title sponsorship of event |Selling advertisement for stadia |Cost of teams | |Sony |Licensed merchandise |Licensing products | | | | |Merchandise sale | | | | |Advertising on ticket | | | | |Gate money | | Money Sources |BCCI |Franchise |Players | |Media Right |20% |72% |8% | |Central Revenue |40%